Discussion: Genetically Altered Food
Discussion: Genetically Altered Food
Discussion: Genetically Altered Food
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· U.S. agriculture is in the forefront of genetically altering foods
· Some say that, in fact, there is no “natural” corn left
· Many in the United States and Europe are protesting the use of these foods
· Pros and cons for the use of genetically altered foods
· Reasonable public policies
Genetic Engineering
· The ability to alter the basic structure if life to correct a malfunction us the goal of genetic engineering.
· The new trait, as developed through genetic engineering, would then be passed on to future generations.
· Genetic engineering raises the possibility of direct genetic intervention into human beings.
· We must be very sure that our attempts to improve the hand that nature deals us do not end up making things worse.
· The modification of somatic cells (body cells that do not affect the genetic makeup of one’s children) raises some moral questions, but the modification of germ line cells brings us back to the whole issue of eugenics.
· Cloning
· Moral and ethical concerns are raided by critics who say that manipulating the human genetic code is “playing G-d.”
· A clone is a group of genetically identical cells that come from a single common cell.
· Cloning is the exact replication of a parent or cell.
· In 1997, a sheep called Dolly was cloned by a Scottish scientist.
· One if the stongest arguments against human cloning us the effect it may have on human dignity.
· Should we be able to control the creation of human beings?
· Should we be able to limit the production of defective human beings?
· “Defective” could have a different meaning depending who supplies the definition.
· The three reasons given to oppose cloning are:
· Health risks from the mutation of genes
· Emotional risks
· The risk of abusing the technology
· Gene Therapy
· Is when a needed gene us spliced onto the DNA of body cells to control the production of a particular substances is still in its infancy.
· Ethical questions include:
· Should gene therapy be used to create healthier fetuses?
· Should companies develop tests to predict mental illness?
· Should drugs be developed to turn average sized children into basketball players?
· Human Stem Cell Research
· Stem cells are considered to be the master cells in the body that can generate specialized cells.
· In 1998, Dr. James A, Thompson, University of Wisconsin researcher, became the first person to isolate stem cells.
· Stem cell research is facing significant controversy in the U.S. due to moral and ethical issues and this has resulted in limited federal dollars available for certain types of research.
· These cells can grow into any cell or tissue in the body is extracted form the inner mass of an embryo.
· They are composted of 100-300 cells that are small enough to fit on the head of a needle.
· These cells are considered to be the building blocks of a new era of regenerative medicine in which the body can heal itself.
· Functionally there are three types of human stem cells:
· Totipotential stem cells
· Are seen in the first few hours after an egg is fertilized and can develop into any human cell type, including those needed for development of an embryo into a fetus.
· This is the most versatile type of stem cell
· Pluripotential stem cells
· Are present several days after fertilization and can also develop into any cell type but can not develop into a fetus.
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