IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING WORD LIMIT REQUIREMENTS:Please note

IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING WORD LIMIT REQUIREMENTS:Please note that each and every assignment has its own word limit. Confounding is when distortion is created between the exposed and outcome because of another variable (Celentano& Szklo, 2019). For example, alcohol use (exposure) causes lung cancer (outcome), however, people who drink tend to social smoke and smoking causes lung cancer, therefore, smoking is a confounder.An insight that I noticed within the multicausality: confounding assignment by Schoenbach is that a main associating factor did not relate but the cofounding factor related to both. Therefore, to further expand on the confounding insight, the first case discusses the association between reserpine and breast cancer with obesity being a confounding factor. Obesity is the cofounding factor because reserpine is a drug that lowers blood pressure and obesity is a risk factor for high blood pressure, so those suffering from obesity would use reserpine. Additionally, breast cancer is a risk factor for those who are obese, therefore a pathway is created. However, the insight is that I could not understand or find the connection between reserpine and breast cancer. However, there were studies dated in the 70-80ths on the reserpine and breast cancer connection, but the results stated that reserpine did not cause breast cancer, therefore this association is a false association. A false association is when a study demonstrates an association between the exposure and outcome when there is no real association. Yet, based on the data from the assignment, it showed that reserpine was a risk factor for breast cancers (Schoenbach, 2001; Labarthe & O’Fallon, 1980).The second insight about cofounding I learned is that a cofounding can be created if the right components are controlled and manipulated. This insight came from example number 3 casual model, where both HCS and OC resulted in MI, but there were no connections between OC and HCS. Therefore, to find a cofounding factor, the HCS needed to be manipulated and controlled to create a cofounding pathway between OC and MI. Further research shows that HCS causes an increase in MI, which can result in death. Additionally, data shows that there is a 1.6 increased risk of MI in women who takes OC. Also, based on research, there is an increased level of HCS by people who take OC and a significant decrease in HCS levels when they stop taking OC. Therefore, HCS is a cofounding factor to both OC-MI if the variable is manipulated and controlled correctly (Fallah et al, 2012: Ganguly & Alam, 2015; Roach et al., 2015) ReferenceCelentano, D. D., & Szklo, M. (2019). Gordis epidemiology (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9780323552295Fallah, S., Nouroozi, V., Samadikuchaksaraei, A., Aghdashi, EM. (2012). Influence of oral contraceptive pills on homocysteine and nitric oxide levels: as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Lab Anal, 26(2), 120-123. Doi: 10.1002/jcla.21492.Ganguly, P., & Alam, F.S. (2015). Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Journal, 14(6), 1-33. Doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6Labarthe, R. D., & O’Fallon, M. W. (1980). Reserpine and breast cancer. JAMA, 243(22), 2304-2310. Doi: 10.1001/jama.1980.03300480024019Roach, E.J.R., Helmerhorst, M.F., Lijfering, M.W., Stijnen, T., Algra, A., & Dekkers, M.O. (2015). Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Systematic Review – Intervention 27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2Schoenbach, J.V. (2001). Multicausality: Confounding-Assignment. Retrieved from http://www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/ConfoundingAssgt.pdf Respond to the bold paragraph ABOVE by using one of the option below… in APA format with At least two references and a minimum of 200 words….. .(The List of References should not be older than 2016 and should not be included in the word count.) Ask a probing question.Share an insight from having read your colleague’s posting.Offer and support an opinion. Validate an idea with your own experience.Make a suggestion.Expand on your colleague’s posting. Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.It is important that you cover all the topics identified in the assignment. Covering the topic does not mean mentioning the topic BUT presenting an explanation from the context of ethics and the readings for this class To get maximum points you need to follow the requirements listed for this assignments 1) look at the word/page limits 2) review and follow APA rules 3) create subheadings to identify the key sections you are presenting and 4) Free from typographical and sentence construction errors.REMEMBER IN APA FORMAT JOURNAL TITLES AND VOLUME NUMBERS ARE ITALICIZED.