Peer Review Forum: Cause/Effect
38843Perform a peer review of the draft of the classmate’s paper below. Complete the attached form as detailed in the instructions.
See the attached Cause and Effect Worksheet to be completed!
***STUDENTS PAPER BELOW***
Minimal organ donations
Organs donations are becoming very scarce and as the years go on the numbers seem to recede lower from donors. There are many individuals who support organ donation granting many are not physically registered donors. This support does not truly benefit those on a waiting list if they are not registered and inevitably creates a negative chain reaction. While it may be difficult to make such a decision for one especially about to pass, one should be fully informed and aware of their options with donation. It is of upmost importance that individuals donate their organs as the low amount of organ donations result to a longer transplant list, a higher death toll and an increase in illegal selling or trading of organs.
The waiting list for organ transplants continues to grow lengthier and extensive as the years go by, this is due to there being only a minimal quantity of organs currently available. As of April 2018, there are over 114,000 individuals in the United States ranging from all ages, gender and race presently waiting on a list that only continues to grow (Using APA, 2018). The United States and countries from all over the world suffer from such long waiting lists, one country specifically in India, as the donation rate is at 0.16 per the millions of individuals apart of the population alone (Bharambe, Rathod, Angadi & 2017). The waiting list however is not always put together in the order by who is put on it first, those in the medical field take a look into the compatibility of the recipient with the donor, one’s blood type as well as the medical urgency the individual is currently at (Barone, 2017). There may be an individual whom has been on the list for a few years although if someone who just became put on the list goes into critical condition, the organ will go to them if fully compatible with the patient factors and donor factors.
This prolongs the individual whom has been waiting longer from receiving the organ increasing the chance they could die sooner. Another factor that plays a part into receiving an organ is if the organ can function, is not coming from someone who is much older and that is free of disease and can withstand when put on ice for preservation until it is able to be transplanted (Barone, 2017). If it is found that neither individual is compatible with the organ it will continue to go to someone else waiting or not longer be viable for use leaving those to continue to wait. The organs must be used properly when retrieved so both of these outcomes may be avoided. As 20 people die each day waiting, 10 more are added onto this list leaving the list to grow, while it may be a slow rise it is a rise altogether of those who are waiting or living their last day (Using APA, 2018).
The next effect that results as the transplant list grows is the death toll increases as there are so many individuals from all ages waiting on this list, it gives them a short time frame to receive a transplant in order to live a healthy life. The doctor being aware of those in need of organs as well as being aware of how this individual will surely pass soon may want to “hurry” death, so they may retrieve those organs, if the individual becomes aware of their deaths becoming hastened they will then decline donating their organs as they are no longer comfortable doing so (Baginski, 2009). A current practice is that is being allowed is that of family members going against ones wishes of donating or declining to donate their organs if declared brain dead for they do not want to think about such a thing during a time of grieving as well as wanting to keep the individual as a whole (Koenig, 2003). They may feel they are taking a part of the person away as they wish to retrieve their organs so soon even though it is necessary while they are still viable for organs can only last for a certain period of time after one has passed. This continues to prolong the organ shortage as pushing donation on someone who is dying or even going against one’s original consent to donate pushes death rates from those who have been waiting patiently to receive a healthy organ.
As they feel pressured to donate their organs, they feel as if they are finding a solution to increase this shortage by those who are sick and dying (Koenig,2003). This however is an ethically wrong decision that may backfire on those in the medical field as the patient feels the doctors no longer are respecting their best interests. This does not benefit either sides and only brings on more death causing those who must be put on the transplant list to lose faith in their doctors further questioning their true intentions. These intentions may come from a good place of wanting to ensure another life is able to live, one should however show compassion when approaching a donor or even a potential donor, so they do not feel insulted by the request at hand. While the patient is aware that they are dying this has now pushed them to decline donating their organs resulting in an additional death tolls for those in need of a transplant.
There are many individuals who have lost hope as they watch the numbers of those in need of a transplant rise drastically and the numbers of those who die every day from waiting. The limited number of organs available as well as facing financial instability through all the medical costs while waiting can unavoidably lead one to turn to buying an organ from the black market illegally. They find that they will have an easier and faster time compensating an individual for the needed organ as waiting on such a long and growing list will only leave them to grow sicker and die. As the patient is in a critical condition most times someone who is perfectly healthy is found to be poor and will sell what organ is needed, this puts the patient in a position to make sure they are able to proceed with the transplant and make sure they will be able to live a healthy life afterwards. The black market actively undermines the process of legal donations and the procurement system as these individuals are looking for the organ through compensation instead of a charitable donation (Hentrich, 2012). They have chosen to go through the black market as they do not see an alternative being presented from this massive shortage, the illegal task seems incredibly beneficial for one to sustain life.
There are those who may refute these results as they feel it is their choice to donate and should not feel guilty or rushed to make such a vital decision involving their body. Those who have chosen not to donate have formed their views from cognitive factors that included certain media programs that portray real life organ donation situations as well as noncognitive factors that include the fear of organ donation along with being disgusted by the idea and having a strong mistrust in those who are apart of the medical field (Reynolds-Tylus & Quick, 2017). For example, individuals who reside in the United Kingdom were found to have these noncognitive factors playing a part in why they have decided to not become an organ donor, mainly through their fears and the mistrust they found from those in the medical field (Reynolds-Tylus & Quick, 2017). While these opinions should all be respected, those individuals who have based their opinions off of certain media programs and generalized those in the medical field altogether should be properly informed, so they are aware of any misinformation they may have received.
The organ donations becoming limited have caused an elongated list for transplant as well as high death tolls and increase in illegal activity as the individual searches for the needed organ to ensure a vigorous life. One loses hope as to if they will ever receive the needed organ due to this shortage many are stuck waiting on a list for years and some even may fall to the illegal acts of buying an organ in return for the proper compensation. While medical professionals are well informed of the statistics and growing rates of the transplant list those who are not are less informed as if they should donate their organs. Those who refute these results may say it is the job of those in the medical field to find an alternative way to increase donations instead of relying solely on an individual to donate their organs. These results will only continue to grow and become worse as time goes on and as the registered donors list stays the same as well as no solution being presented to increase the amount of organ donations worldwide.
References
Baginski, W. (2009). Hastening Death: Dying, Dignity and the Organ Shortage Gap. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND MEDICINE -BOSTON-, (4). 562.
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Barone, E. (2017). 50 Years on, New Hearts Still Don’t Come Easy. Time, 190(24), 16.
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Bharambe, V. K., Rathod, H., & Angadi, K. (2017). Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation among Medical Students. BANTAO Journal, 14(1), 34-40.
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Hentrich, M. (2012). Health Matters: Human Organ Donations, Sales, and the Black Market.
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Koenig, B. (2003). Dead donors and the ‘shortage’ of human organs: are we missing the point?. American Journal of Bioethics, 3(1), 26-27.
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Organ Donation Statistics. (2018)
Retrieved from https://www.organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html
Reynolds-Tylus, T., & Quick, B. L. (2017). Examining Differences in Predictors of African American, Caucasian, and Latino Young Adults’ Intentions to Register as an Organ Donor. Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 368-392.
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