Suppose a population of 397 people undergo a screening test that you are developing to detect Disease X. Of the 145 individuals with the disease, only 134 test positive for Disease X using your new screening test.

In your own words, answer the following THREE questions. Be sure to follow the instructions provided; be sure to 

show you work for your calculations and strategic/extended thinking must be demonstrated for written answers. (For 

more about Webb’s depth of knowledge, check out the graphic at https://blog.edmentum.com/webb%E2%80%99s-

depth-knowledge-framework-basics)

1. Create a 2X2 table for the following scenario: Suppose a population of 397 people undergo a screening test that you 

are developing to detect Disease X. Of the 145 individuals with the disease, only 134 test positive for Disease X using 

your new screening test. However, among the 141 individuals that test positive for Disease X, 7 of them do not have the 

disease. If your screening test has been used when I test positive, what is the likelihood (as a percentage) that I do 

indeed have Disease X? 

2. From Table 2 of the de Martel paper (2020. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018; a worldwide 

incidence analysis), we see there is an inverse association between age-standardized incidence rates and country 

income level. Briefly explain this. (5 sentences maximum)

3. HPV vaccination is not recommended for women older than age 26 years, although they can choose to get vaccinated. 

Why might this vaccination not help older women? (5 sentences maximum).