In some forms of lung cancer there can be an temporality association. People tend to be more likely to develop lung cancer after they have smoked, so smoking comes before lung cancer.

Respond your thoughts on these 2 discussion topics SEPARATELY 

Discussion #1

In some forms of lung cancer there can be an temporality association. People tend to be more likely to develop lung cancer after they have smoked, so smoking comes before lung cancer. There is a coherence pattern of exposure as there is a pattern of disease. The more someone would smoke the more that they would be likely to get lung cancer. 

Direct causal association is one an association that has no intermediate factor and is more obvious. A good example would be when trauma to the skin causes a bruise or infection. Indirect causal association is an association that involves one or more intervening factors and is often much more complicated. A good example would be a high fat diet that is associated with polyps and polyps that are associated with colon cancer. 

Statistical inference refers to a conclusion about a population based on sampled data. Causal inference is a conclusion about the presence of a health-related state or event and the reasons for its existence. Both inferences are focused upon conclusions however the difference is that statistical is a conclusion about the population based upon sample data while causal is a conclusion about the cause.

Discussion #2

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with chlamydia trachomatis. Patients that have unprotected sexual activity with multiple partners is at a higher risk for disease. This can be a temporal cause because it’s a cause and effect between  two variables. The cause of having unprotected multiple partners that could be infected with the infection effect the individual.

Chlamydia is a indirect casual association because there is a relationship between multiple factors. Direct casual association are effects that directly go from one variable to another. For example, if patients would be infected with chlamydia once they have reached a certain age that would be considered a direct casual association. Due to other variables such as sexual activity and unprotected causes chlamydia to be an indirect casual association.

Statistical Interference is the process of drawing conclusions about an underlying population based on a sample or subset of the data. For example, predictions of the spread of chlamydia would be statistical interference based off the information collected about current cases. Casual interference would be the advertisement of protected sexual activity based on intellectual considerations, study designs, and estimation strategies that allow researchers draw casual conclusion based on data.