What is the Rome IV criteria for functional constipation in infants and children?
· Two or less defecations per week.
· At least one episode of fecal incontinence every week.
· History of retentive posturing or chronic retention of volitional stools.
· Past history of painful or difficult bowel motions.
· A bulky mass of feces in the rectum.
· History of large stools that can clog a toilet.
· Symptoms that are unexplained by another underlying condition
List possible physiologic and psychosocial factors related to encopresis
Physiologic
Psychosocial
1. Chronic constipation leading to fecal retention
1. Toilet training conflicts
2. Neurological disorders affecting bowel control
2. Stressful life events (e.g., divorce, relocation)
3. Dietary factors (low fiber intake)
3. Emotional disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression)
4. Hypothyroidism or metabolic disorders
4. History of abuse or neglect
5. Gastrointestinal motility disorders
5. Social stigma and embarrassment (Yilanli & Gokarakonda, 2023)
Table 2
Neonatal Jaundice
Jaundice Appears
Jaundice Disappears
Peak Bilirubin Concentration (days)
Diagnostic Studies
Management and Prevention
Physiologic
After 24 hours
By 1–2 weeks
Days 3–5
Total serum bilirubin (TSB), direct Coombs test
Frequent feeding to promote bilirubin excretion; monitoring bilirubin levels
Full-term
After 24 hours
By 1–2 weeks
Days 3–5
TSB, transcutaneous bilirubin measurement
Phototherapy if bilirubin levels exceed thresholds; ensure adequate hydration
Premature
After 24 hours
By 2–3 weeks
Days 5–7
TSB, reticulocyte count, blood type testing
More vigilant monitoring; phototherapy initiated at lower bilirubin levels; possible exchange transfusion in severe cases
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
