Perform a comprehensive review of the literature that supports the use of primary vs, secondary sources of evidence. Utilize the weblinks provided in this mo
Perform a comprehensive review of the literature that supports the use of primary vs, secondary sources of evidence. Utilize the weblinks provided in this module to support your written assignments in this course. (Attached)
For this assignment, you will review the latest evidence-based guidelines as they pertain to the case below. Please make sure you are using scholarly references and they should not be older than 5 years. The post and references must be in APA format. Use at least 3 references.
Health Promotion and Disparities
Health promotion, like health and health disparities, has been defined in many ways. Per the World Health Organization (2014), health promotion is the "process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health." This definition includes screening, education, programs for behavioral change, and increasing patient involvement in their own care.
Prevention—Prevention represents a series of strategies and interventions to either deter or minimize the consequences of disease or injury, at a population level. Due to the amount of resources which are spent on preventable injuries and illnesses, the ACA has a huge focus on prevention. The Agency for Health Research and Quality have enacted initiatives in Shared Decision Making, Self-Management, Literacy Tools and more to support prevention practices between providers and patients.
Screening— The United States Protective and Safety Task Force (USPSTF), determines the recommendations and evidence for screening in the US – USPSTF is housed under the Agency for Health, Research and Quality.
Behavior Change—Behavioral change is at the basis of most intervention programs. Behavioral change includes physical, psychological, cultural, religious and other factors not always easy to influence.
https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople
Agency for Health, Research and Quality:
https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/index.html
https://www.ahrq.gov/teamstepps-program/index.html
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/
https://archive.ahrq.gov/ncepcr/tools/self-mgmt/index.html
Multiple Chronic Conditions
In 2010, at the same time of the signing of the Affordable Care Act, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Center for Disease and Prevention and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid directed the Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCC). initiatives.
Currently, 3 out of 4 Medicare beneficiaries have more than 2 concomitant chronic conditions. 66% of US health care expenditures are spent on MCCs. The fourth Title of the Affordable Care Act is focused on chronic conditions. The new era of quality and value care is a direct result of the nation’s direction in reducing exacerbations in MCCs that require excessive use of hospital and financially burdens the US health care system
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid in 2013 released new incentive payments for primary care providers who provide continuous chronic care management for their patients. 24/7 patient access to his or her health care provider. Providers are required to communicate at least 20 minutes a month with the patient – this can occur by telephone, text or email. The other incentive is the transitions in care. This initiative provides coordination and continuity in care between care settings – reducing fragmented and costly care
https://www.hhs.gov/ash/about-ash/index.html
https://multiplechronicconditions.org/
Issued key provisions to the MACRA
April 27th, 2016 executive notice by the US Department of Health and Human Services issued key provisions to the Medicare Access and Summary CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, (MACRA). MACRA replaced the 1997 Sustainable Growth Rate formula for determining Medicare reimbursement. MACRA provides a new approach in Medicare reimbursement based on value and quality care. MACRA legislation is guided by the Quality Payment Program, directing two paths for Medicare reimbursement: The Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS), or the Advanced Alternative Payment Model (APM). Nurse Practitioners, require knowledge and information to prepare for MIPS and APM to begin January 1, 2017.
The implementation of these reimbursement and practice changes are led by a unified framework called the Quality Payment Program (CMS, 2016b). The two paths of care include:The Merit-based Incentive System (MIPPS) or Advanced Payment Models (APMs). Each of these reimbursement tracks provide incentives when providers, practices, organizations or health systems demonstrate andmeet or exceed the quality and value metrics uniquely determined by type of practice and patient care population served. MACRA, changes the way Medicare will reward providers for value over volume. MACRA provides incentive payment for providers through MIPS and bonus payment for provider participation in eligible APMs
https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality/value-based-programs/chip-reauthorization-act
eports of Healthy People 2020
The Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) has created Healthy People, to provide the US with a science-based national agenda. Healthy People 2020, includes over
1,200 objectives in 42 Topic Areas. Tis 10-year agenda is used in the US to guide national health promotion and prevention efforts. Healthy People provides the US Department of Health and Human Services with benchmark data to monitor progress over time
Agency for Health Research and Quality produces annual health disparity reports. Investigate the most recent report from the AHRQ link provided.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm
https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr15/index.html
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