10 Questions about Physiology
Requirements: 1. Your answers should be researched, well thought out and organized, well written, and demonstrate knowledge and a good effort on your part. 2. Do not depend on popular online sources as they are not always accurate and are not usually reviewed for accuracy. Unless they are textbooks, peer reviewed scientific publications, or from a fact-checked source like a high-quality periodical (ex: Scientific American) they may not be accurate. If you paraphrase or quote you need to cite the reference. There is no special citation format, but include: author’s names), title, date, source. 3. If a question says to list and describe or explain, be sure to list (a b,c or 1,2,3) and give a complete description or explanation. Answer all parts of a multipart question. 4. No need to rewrite the questions, but be sure to number them. 5. Word process and print out your answers in double spaced, size 12 font with single side printing of the pages. 6. Reread your answers and make appropriate corrections, editing, etc. Don’t rely on spell and grammar check software alone. 7. Use of ChatGPT or any other chatbot for communication to provide an answer will result in a failing grade for this assignment (F and 0 points). Questions: 1, What are the differences between osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicity? (9 points) 2. List and describe in detail 3 factors that create a resting membrane potential in a living mammalian somatic cell. (15 points) 3. List and fully describe 3 factors that affect the speed of conduction of a nerve action potential. Be specific and fully explain how these factors can affect the speed of conduction. Do not use temperature as mammals are thermoregulators and have a “constant” body temperature. (18 points 4. How do demyelinating diseases affect the length constant in nerve cells and explain how this change occurs? Be sure to define the length constant. Be specific (15 points) 5. Action potentials code sensory information. What is meant by “rate coding” and what determines the rate? (10 points) 6. The postsynaptic membrane integrates the effects of presynaptic input to determine whether or not an action potential will be generated. The postsynaptic effects involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization (EPSPs, IPSPs) that excite or inhibit and determine whether the membrane reaches threshold. List and describe 6 factors that affect the potential at the postsynaptic membrane. (24 points) 7. List and describe the parts of a reflex arc. I am not asking about a specific reflex like the stretch reflex, but all reflexes. This is a generic question about reflexes in general. Be complete. Give a list with detailed descriptions of each item in the list and what happens at each part. (20 points) 8. How do ionotropic and metabotropic receptors work? (8 points) 9. What are the differences between the end plate potential at a nerve-muscle synapse and the muscle cell membrane action potential? (15 points) 10. List and describe the mechanism of action of one depolarizing nerve-muscle toxin and one non-depolarizing nerve muscle toxin. (10 points)
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