Im working on a geography lab that needs to be completed

Geography 1001 Continuing Education Name________________________ Exercise 3 Insolation and the atmosphere. Refer to Ch. 4 (Energy Balance Essentials) in your text and lecture notes on Atmosphere. Of the solar energy that reaches the earth’s surface, considerable amounts may be reflected. The energy that is not reflected is absorbed and helps to warm the surface atmosphere. Different surfaces have differing albedos, or “reflectiveness.” Consider an airplane that is fitted with a solarimeter, an instrument used to measure solar radiation (i.e., short wave) that is reflected from the surface of the earth. The aircraft makes five runs over different surfaces recording the albedo. 1. Using the recorded results shown below, calculate the average albedo of each surface, and write it at the bottom of each column. Thick Forest Green Fields Dry Plowed Fields Grass Freshly Fallen Snow Old Snow 8.5% 9.2% 3.5% 8.0% 4.8% 12.2% 11.8% 9.5% 13.5% 11.0% 24.0% 25.2% 20.8% 24.1% 22.9% 23.0% 17.0% 30.0% 24.0% 25.0% 95.0% 75.0% 80.0% 75.0% 85.0% 55.0% 70.0% 65.0% 65.0% 60.0% Water (Solar Altitude >40°) 2.0% 3.5% 3.5% 4.0% 3.5% Water (Solar Altitude 5°-30°) 35.0% 37.5% 32.5% 30.0% 50.0% Average 2. With reference to the above results, name the two best reflecting surfaces. a._________________________________ b._________________________________ 3. What are the two best absorbing surfaces? a.___________________________________ b._________________________________ 1 Temperature Land vs. Water Heating Differences. Refer to Ch. 4 and notes from Unit 4 Lecture. In addition to the seasons, latitudinal differences, and altitude, a location’s proximity to a large water body may have a strong affect on temperature. We refer to this as the “marine” or “maritime” effect. In contrast, a large landmass with little marine influence has the opposite effect on temperature and is said to be “continental.” 4. List four reasons why water bodies do not heat up or cool down as much as continental areas of similar latitude. a. _____________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________ Daily Cycle of Temperature. Refer to Section 4.3.1 and Figure 4.14 of your text along with your notes from lecture 4. 5. At what time of day does maximum insolation (not temperature) normally occur? 6. The maximum daily temperature generally lags behind the time of maximum insolation. Why? Explain your answer in terms of net radiation. 2 Global Temperature Patterns. Climate data, such as temperature can be depicted on isoline maps. Isolines are defined as lines that connect points of equal value. Your textbook has a series of isoline maps showing lines of equal temperature (isotherms). These are figures 4.29 through 4.32. After reviewing Lecture 4C, answer the following questions with reference to these maps. 7. Do the isotherms in figure 4.30 have a more predominant north/south or east/west orientation in the southern hemisphere? What causes this general orientation? 8. What is the general relationship between latitude and mean annual temperature (fig. 4.29 & 4.30)? 9. Why is the annual temperature range in the Northern Hemisphere so much greater than the Southern Hemisphere (figure 4.31)? 10. Figure 4.32 shows temperatures for Antarctica. What factors cause this region to be the coldest area on the planet? 11. In the Arctic, the coldest temperatures are found on Greenland and not at the North Pole. Why? 3 12. Check out the global mean temperature maps from your text (figures 4.29 and 4.30). Explain why the isotherms of North America (a) bend equatorward relative to the adjacent oceans during January and (b) bend poleward during July. The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature. In this section, you will be comparing temperature data between Auckland, New Zealand and Yakutsk, Siberia, Russia. Auckland is the leading city on the North Island of New Zealand. It is a major southern hemisphere port, roughly corresponding in latitude (37°S) to San Francisco, CA and Lisbon, Portugal in the northern hemisphere. Yakutsk in central Siberia at latitude 62N, is located in the landlocked, continental interior of northeastern Asia, about the same latitude as Anchorage, AK or Oslo, Norway. The data given in the table below are monthly mean air temperatures (°C) for Auckland and Yakutsk. Mean Monthly Temperatures Auckland Yakutsk Jan 19.1 -38.6 Feb 19.7 -33.6 Mar 18.4 -20.1 Apr 16.1 -4.8 May 14.0 7.5 Jun 11.8 16.4 Jul 10.9 19.5 Aug 11.3 15.2 Sep 12.7 6.1 13. Calculate the mean annual temperature for each station. Auckland: __________C° Yakutsk: __________C° 14. What is the highest mean monthly temperature for each station? Auckland: __________C° Yakutsk: __________C° 15. What is the lowest mean monthly temperature for each station? Auckland: __________C° Yakutsk: __________C° 16. Calculate the annual temperature range for each station. Auckland: __________C° Yakutsk: __________C° 4 Oct 14.2 -7.8 Nov 15.7 -27.0 Dec 17.8 -37.6 17. The month of maximum insolation occurs in December at Auckland and in June at Yakutsk. a) Is the lag time at Aukland longer or shorter than at Yakutsk? Explain why this would be. 18. Keeping in mind the major factors that influence global temperature distribution (see lecture notes), what are the two primary reasons why the annual range of temperature at Yakutsk is so much more than at Auckland? a. b. ————————————————————————————————————- 5

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