Document a focused history, physical exam, nursing diagnoses, and nursing process of a case study from NUR-641E: Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators and compare the differences with a complete assessment. At least 3-4 references

Case Study

A 22-year-old woman reports being “sick with the flu” for the past 8 days. She is vomiting several times every day, having difficulty keeping liquids or food down, and has been using more than the recommended dose of antacids in an attempt to calm the nausea. She has become severely dehydrated. After fainting at home, she was taken to a local hospital. An arterial blood gas sample was drawn and then an IV was placed to help rehydrate her. The arterial blood gas revealed the following:

Test​ Result​           Normal levels

pH​​7.5​​7.35 – 7.45

PaCO2​40 mm Hg​35-45 mm Hg

PaO2​95 mm Hg​80-100 mm Hg

SaO2​                        97%​95-100%

HCO3-​      32 meq/liter​22-26 meq/liter

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology

Introduction

Pathophysiology and pharmacology are the study of how diseases develop, and how to treat them. These are areas that often require specialized knowledge in order to be fully understood. Fortunately, the medical field is full of talented professionals who specialize in these fields.

Mental Health

Mental health disorders are a group of conditions that involve cognitive, behavioral and emotional changes. Some of the most common mental health issues include depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Depression

Depression is a serious mood disorder in which a person experiences persistent depressed mood for at least 2 weeks. People who have suffered from it may also feel irritable or worthless; they have trouble sleeping; they lose interest in activities they once enjoyed; and their weight drops significantly as well.

Chronic Diseases

Chronic diseases are long-lasting, long-term conditions that can be managed but not cured. These conditions often progress and require ongoing treatment. Chronic diseases can cause a lot of pain and discomfort; in fact, they are the leading cause of disability worldwide.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), chronic diseases account for about 60% of all deaths worldwide and cause more than 75% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

Inflammatory and Connective Tissue Disorders

Inflammatory and connective tissue disorders are a group of diseases that affect the body’s connective tissues, which include the skin, muscles, tendons, joints and blood vessels.

Inflammation is caused by an increase in chemicals called cytokines that are released from injured cells or damaged cells. Cytokines can cause many different types of damage to tissues including cell death and impaired movement at the site where they were released.

Cardiovascular Disorders

The cardiovascular system is a complex system that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases that affect the heart and/or blood vessels. It is estimated that cardiovascular disease accounts for about 30% of all deaths worldwide (1). As such, it is the leading cause of death globally (2).

The human body contains many different types of cells called tissues; these tissues are made up of cells called fibroblasts which produce connective tissue including collagen fibers. Collagen fibers help bind together other structures such as bones or muscle tissue so they can function properly while in use – without them we wouldn’t be able to walk around!

Cardiovascular disorders arise when there’s an imbalance between how much oxygen gets into your blood stream at rest versus how much comes out because you’re exercising vigorously (3). This causes problems like: high blood pressure which increases chances for heart attack/stroke; stroke damage due to blocked arteries causing brain damage if left untreated long term…

Respiratory Disorders

The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, trachea (windpipe), bronchi and lungs. Diseases of the respiratory tract include asthma, emphysema and pneumonia. These diseases can be treated with drugs such as corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Gastrointestinal disorders include:

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common cause of acid reflux in children. It occurs when stomach contents back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and chest pain.

• Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the lining of the large intestine that can develop into full-blown Crohn’s disease if left untreated.

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, diarrhea or constipation that lasts at least two weeks in adults; it’s not clear whether IBS symptoms are related to psychological factors or stressors outside one’s control such as travel plans or deadlines at work

Reproductive Disorders

Reproductive disorders can be divided into two categories: female reproductive disorders and male reproductive disorders.

• Female Reproductive Disorders: These include endometriosis, fibroids and adenomyosis.

• Male Reproductive Disorders: These include premature ejaculation (PE), erectile dysfunction/impotence (ED/I) and infertility.

Endocrine Disorders

Endocrine disorders are a group of disorders that affect the endocrine system, which regulates metabolism and other processes in the body. The following conditions are considered to be endocrine disorders:

• Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2)

• Thyroid disease

• Parathyroid disorders

Other than diabetes, thyroid and parathyroid diseases are due to abnormalities in one or more glands that produce thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) or calcitonin respectively. Adrenal tumors may also result from abnormal production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and released into blood when stressed.

Kidney, Urine and Urinary Tract Disorders

The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and excreting waste, including excess water and sodium. When the kidneys are damaged, fluid accumulation can occur in the body’s tissues; this condition is known as edema. If you have heart disease or diabetes, your chances of developing kidney failure increase significantly.

In addition to their role in removing toxins from your blood stream, the kidneys also regulate blood pressure by helping regulate fluid balance within your body by regulating how much fluid gets filtered out of your circulation each day through urine production (urine volume).

Skin and Nutritional Disorders

Skin disorders can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They may also occur as a result of autoimmune conditions and allergic reactions. Skin disorders may also be caused by genetic mutations or other factors such as sun exposure.

Nutritional deficiencies are common in people with chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), heart failure and some cancers including lymphoma and leukemia

Conclusion

The pathophysiology of opioid addiction is complex. Opioid receptors are present throughout the brain and can be activated by many substances–including natural painkillers like endorphins, which are released in response to physical activity, sexual arousal, or stress. These receptors play a central role in promoting feelings of pleasure and well-being and may also be involved in regulating emotions such as anxiety, sadness and stress (R).

In some cases, people who have chronic pain may turn to opioids for relief (R). In others, opioids are used as recreational drugs because they produce euphoria that lasts longer than cocaine or heroin (R). There is also evidence that shows individuals who abuse alcohol tend to abuse prescription opioids at higher rates than other substances (R).

However, when taken without medical supervision or when misused it has been shown to cause serious health problems including respiratory depression due to constriction of blood vessels during sleep which can lead to death if not treated correctly (R), abdominal pain due t o gastric distention caused by overdosing on opiates (R) & kidney damage due t o prolonged use of high doses over prolonged periods of time with no break between doses etc.( R )