EVALUATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS With a clear purpose in place, quantitative researchers have a roadmap for crafting their research questions and
EVALUATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
With a clear purpose in place, quantitative researchers have a roadmap for crafting their research questions and hypotheses that will further focus the approach they will take to investigate their topic (i.e., their study’s research design).
The selection of a research design is guided by the study’s purpose and research questions and hypotheses, and the design then links the research questions and hypotheses to the data that will be collected. You should keep in mind, however, that the research process is interactive, not necessarily proceeding in a linear fashion from one component to the next. Rather, the writing of research questions could, for example, necessitate adjustments to the study’s purpose statement. Nevertheless, when presented together, the various components of a research study should align. As you learned last week, alignment means that a research study possesses clear and logical connections among all of its various components.
In addition to considering alignment, when researchers select a research design, they must also consider the ethical implications of their choice, including, for example, what their design selection means for participant recruitment, procedures, and privacy.
For this Discussion, you will evaluate quantitative research questions and hypotheses in assigned journal articles in your discipline and consider the alignment of theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design. You will also identify the type of quantitative research design the authors used and explain how it was implemented. Quasi-experimental, casual comparative, correlational, pretest–posttest, or true experimental are examples of types of research designs used in quantitative research.
With these thoughts in mind, refer to the Journal Articles document for your assigned articles for this Discussion. If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A. If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B. If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Post a critique of the research study in which you:
- Evaluate the research questions and hypotheses.
The Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist serves as a guide for your evaluation. Please do not respond to the checklist in a Yes/No format in writing your Discussion post.
- Identify the type of quantitative research design used and explain how the researchers implemented the design.
- Analyze alignment among the theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design.
Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.
RESOURCES
- Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
- Chapter 5, “Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement”
- Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., Crawford, L. M., & Hitchcock, J. H. (Eds.). (2020). Research designs and methods: An applied guide for the scholar-practitioner. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Chapter 4, “Quantitative Research Designs”
- Document: Journal Articles (Word Document)Download Journal Articles (Word Document)
For the Discussion, download this document, refer to the assigned journal articles for your program, and find these articles in the Walden Library.
- Document: Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist (PDF)Download Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist (PDF)
For this Discussion, use the prompts in this checklist to look for indications of the research questions and hypotheses criteria in your assigned quantitative research article.
This checklist serves as a guide for your evaluation. Please do not respond to the checklist in a Yes/No format in writing your Discussion post.
Research Theory, Design, and Methods Walden University
Journal Articles
Locate your program below for the assigned journal articles to use for the Discussion assignments in Weeks 3, 4, 5, and 7. Please follow the instructions in the week’s unit and find these articles in the Walden Library .
If your program is not listed, your Instructor will post an announcement with your assigned journal articles.
You will focus on one article in each of these weeks for your Main Question Post; however, you are expected to read and familiarize yourself with all the articles listed to effectively participate in the discussion. Consult the week’s Discussion area for instructions on completing the assignment.
For quick access, press CTRL + left-click on your program’s link below.
Criminal Justice Education Health Sciences Human Services and Social Work Management and Information Systems and Technology Nursing Psychology and Counseling Public Policy and Administration
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Forster, M., Grigsby, T. J., Unger, J. B., & Sussman, S. (2015). Associations between gun violence exposure, gang associations, and youth aggression: Implications for prevention and intervention programs. Journal of Criminology.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/963750
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Ibarra, P. R., Gur, O. M., & Erez, E. (2014). Surveillance as casework: Supervising domestic violence defendants with GPS technology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 62(4), 417-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9536-4
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Ibarra, P. R., Gur, O. M., & Erez, E. (2014). Surveillance as casework: Supervising domestic violence defendants with GPS technology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 62(4), 417-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9536-4
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Forster, M., Grigsby, T. J., Unger, J. B., & Sussman, S. (2015). Associations between gun violence exposure, gang associations, and youth aggression: Implications for prevention and intervention programs. Journal of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/963750
Week 5
If your last name starts A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Dank, M., Lachman, P., Zweig, J. M., & Yahner, J. (2014). Dating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 846-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9975-8
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, J. Y., Goebert, D. A., Helm, S., Else, I. R. N., & Sugimoto-Matsuda, J. (2015). Interpersonal youth violence perpetration and victimization in a diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescent sample. Violence and Victims, 30(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00043
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Long, L., & Ullman, S. E. (2016). Correlates of problem drinking and drug use in black sexual assault victims. Violence and Victims, 31(1), 71-84. https:// doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00024
Week 7
If your last name starts A through I, use Article A.
Article A: [This is article is available online and is no longer in the Walden
Library.]
Alqahtani, A. (2014). Awareness of the potential threat of cyberterrorism to the national security. Journal of Information Security, 5(4), 137-146. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/JIS_2014091911584817.pdf
If your last name starts J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Seda, L. (2014). Identity theft and university students: Do they know, do they care? Journal of Financial Crime, 21(4), 461-483. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-05-2013-0032
If your last name starts S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Powell, M. B., Guadagno, B. L., & Cassematis, P. (2013). Workplace stressors for investigative interviewers of child-abuse victims. Policing, 36(3), 512-525. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2012-0039
EDUCATION
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Picard, D., Martin, P., & Tsao, R. (2014). iPads at school: A quantitative comparison of elementary schoolchildren’s pen-on-paper versus finger-on-screen drawing skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 50(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.50.2.c
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Swan, B., Coulombe-Quach, X.-L., Huang, A., Godek, J., Becker, D., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Meeting the needs of gifted and talented students: Case study of a virtual learning lab in a rural middle school. Journal of Advanced Academics, 26(4), 294–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X15603366
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Swan, B., Coulombe-Quach, X-L, Huang, A., Godek, J., Becker, D., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Meeting the needs of gifted and talented students: Case study of a virtual learning lab in a rural middle school. Journal of Advanced Academics, 26(4), 294–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X15603366
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Picard, D., Martin, P., & Tsao, R. (2014). iPads at school: A quantitative comparison of elementary schoolchildren’s pen-on-paper versus finger-on-screen drawing skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 50(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.50.2.c
Week 5 If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Canfield, M. L., Kivisalu, T. M., van der Karr, C., King, C., & Phillips, C. E. (2015). The use of course grades in the assessment of student learning outcomes for general education. Sage Open, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015615921
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
McConnell, A. E., Martin, J. E., & Hennessey, M. N. (2015). Indicators of postsecondary employment and education for youth with disabilities in relation to GPA and general education. Remedial & Special Education, 36(6), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932515583497
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Hogenes, M., van Oers, B., Diekstra, R. F. W., & Sklad, M. (2015). The effects of music composition as a classroom activity on engagement in music education and academic and music achievement: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Music Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761415584296
Week 7
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Dahl, P. (2016). Factors associated with truancy: Emerging adults’ recollections of skipping school. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415587324
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Izumi-Taylor, S., Ito, Y., Lin, C. H., & Lee, Y.-Y. (2014). Pre-service teachers’ views of children’s and adults’ play in Japan, Taiwan, and the USA. Research in Comparative and International Education, 9(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2014.9.2.213
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Collins, I. (2015). Using international accreditation in higher education to effect changes in organisational culture: A case study from a Turkish university. Journal of Research in International Education, 14(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240915592589
HEALTH SCIENCES
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Spencer, M. S., Rosland, A. M., Kieffer, E. C., Sinco, B. R., Valerio, M., Palmisano, G., Anderson, M., Guzman, J.R., & Heisler, M. (2011). Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health, 101(12), 2253–2260. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300106
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Greenhalgh, T., Clinch, M., Afsar, N., Choudhury, Y., Sudra, R., Campbell-Richards, D., Claydon, A., Hitman, G.A., Hanson, P., & Finer, S. (2015). Socio-cultural influences on the behaviour of South Asian women with diabetes in pregnancy: Qualitative study using a multi-level theoretical approach. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0360-1
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Greenhalgh, T., Clinch, M., Afsar, N., Choudhury, Y., Sudra, R., Campbell-Richards, D., Claydon, A., Hitman, G.A., Hanson, P., & Finer, S. (2015). Socio-cultural influences on the behaviour of South Asian women with diabetes in pregnancy: qualitative study using a multi-level theoretical approach. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0360-1
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Spencer, M. S., Rosland, A. M., Kieffer, E. C., Sinco, B. R., Valerio, M., Palmisano, G., Anderson, M., Guzman, J.R., & Heisler, M. (2011). Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health, 101(12), 2253–2260. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300106
Week 5 If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Flynn, P. M., Ridgeway, J. L., Wieland, M. L., Williams, M. D., Haas, L. R., Kremers, W. K., & Breitkopf, C. R. (2013). Primary care utilization and mental health diagnoses among adult patients requiring interpreters: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(3), 386–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2159-5
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Kwate, N. O., & Goodman, M. S. (2015). Cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of racism on mental health among residents of Black neighborhoods in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 105(4), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302243
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Blank, M. B., Himelhoch, S. S., Balaji, A. B., Metzger, D. S., Dixon, L. B., Rose, C. E., Oraka, E., Davis-Vogel, A., Thompson, W.W., & Heffelfinger, J. D. (2014). A multisite study of the prevalence of HIV with rapid testing in mental health settings. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2377–2384. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301633
Week 7
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Dale, C. M., Angus, J. E., Seto Nielsen, L., Kramer-Kile, M., Pritlove, C., Lapum, J., Price, J., Marzolini, S., Abramson, B., Oh, P., & Clark, A. (2015). “I’m no Superman”: Understanding diabetic men, masculinity, and cardiac rehabilitation. Qualitative Health Research, 25(12), 1648–1661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314566323
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Hunleth, J. M., Steinmetz, E. K., McQueen, A., & James, A. S. (2016). Beyond adherence: Health care disparities and the struggle to get screened for colon cancer. Qualitative Health Research, 26(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315593549
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Spyridonidis, D., Hendy, J., & Barlow, J. (2015). Leadership for knowledge translation: The case of CLAHRCs. Qualitative Health Research, 25(11), 1492–1505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315583268
HUMAN SERVICES AND SOCIAL WORK
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Hickman, G. P., & Wright, D. (2011). Academic and school behavioral variables as predictors of high school graduation among at-risk adolescents enrolled in a youth-based mentoring program. Journal of At-Risk Issues, 16(1), 27–33.
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Smith, Y. (2014). Rethinking decision making: An ethnographic study of worker agency in crisis intervention. Social Service Review, 88(3), 407–442. https://doi.org/10.1086/677846
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Smith, Y. (2014). Rethinking decision making: An ethnographic study of worker agency in crisis intervention. Social Service Review, 88(3), 407–442. https://doi.org/10.1086/677846
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Hickman, G. P., & Wright, D. (2011). Academic and school behavioral variables as predictors of high school graduation among at-risk adolescents enrolled in a youth-based mentoring program. Journal of At-Risk Issues, 16(1), 27–33 .
Week 5 If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Raskin, J. D, & Brett, B. L. (2014). Does the reverse golden section hold? Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 27(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2014.879522
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Cardi, V., Di Matteo, R., Gilbert, P., & Treasure, J. (2014). Rank perception and self-evaluation in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(5), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22261
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
de la Sablonnière, R., Auger, E., Taylor, D. M., Crush, J., & McDonald, D. (2013). Social change in South Africa: A historical approach to relative deprivation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 703–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12003
Week 7
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Perrin-Wallqvist, R., & Lindblom, J. (2015). Coming out as gay: A phenomenological study about adolescents disclosing their homosexuality to their parents. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 43(3), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.467
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Roberts, R. E. (2014). The child maltreatment survivor’s description of the process of becoming a parent: A grounded theory study. Qualitative Report, 19(24), 1–27.
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Christiansen, B., Borge, L, & Fagermoen, M. S. (2012). Understanding everyday life of morbidly obese adults-habits and body image. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being, 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v7i0.17255
MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Flynn, C. B., Smither, J. W., & Walker, A. G. (2016). Exploring the relationship between leaders’ core self-evaluations and subordinates’ perceptions of servant leadership: A field study. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051815621257
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Parboteeah, K. P., Seriki, H. T., & Hoegl, M. (2014). Ethnic diversity, corruption and ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa: Recognizing the significance of human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), 979–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.815251
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Parboteeah, K. P., Seriki, H. T., & Hoegl, M. (2014). Ethnic diversity, corruption and ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa: Recognizing the significance of human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), 979–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.815251
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Flynn, C. B., Smither, J. W., & Walker, A. G. (2016). Exploring the relationship between leaders’ core self-evaluations and subordinates’ perceptions of servant leadership: A field study. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051815621257
Week 5 If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Fu, N., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J., Morris, T., & O’Regan, P. (2015). How do high performance work systems influence organizational innovation in professional service firms? Employee Relations, 37(2), 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2013-0155
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Chang, K., Hsu, C., Hsu, Y., & Chen, M. (2019). How green marketing, perceived motives and incentives influence behavioral intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 49, 336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.04.012
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Hollenbeck, J. R., & Workman, K. (2012). A quasi-experimental study of after-event reviews and leadership development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 997–1015. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028244
Week 7
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Cope, J. (2011). Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.06.002
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Cassia, L., De Massis, A., & Pizzurno, E. (2012). Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(2), 198–232. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211204229
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Arando, S., Gago, M., Jones, D. C., & Kato, T. (2015). Efficiency in employee-owned enterprises: An econometric case study of Mondragon. International Labor Review, 68(2), 398–425. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793914564966
NURSING
Week 3
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article A.
Article A:
Wollenhaup, C. A., Stevenson, E. L., Thompson, J., Gordon, H. A., & Nunn, G. (2017). Implementation of a modified bedside handoff for a postpartum unit. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(6), 320-326. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.000000000000048
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article B.
Article B:
Falkenstrom, M.K. (2017). A qualitative study of difficult nurse-patient encounters in home health care. Advances in Nursing Science, 40(2),168-183. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000156
Week 4
If your last name starts with A through L, use Article B.
Article B:
Falkenstrom, M.K. (2017). A qualitative study of difficult nurse-patient encounters in home health care. Advances in Nursing Science, 40(2),168-183. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000156
If your last name starts with M through Z, use Article A.
Article A:
Wollenhaup, C. A., Stevenson, E. L., Thompson, J., Gordon, H. A., & Nunn, G. (2017). Implementation of a modified bedside handoff for a postpartum unit. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(6), 320-326. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.000000000000048
Week 5
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Jamison, T.R., & Schuttler, J. O. (2015). Examining social competence, self-perception, quality of life, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescent females with and without autism spectrum disorder: A quantitative design including between-groups and correlational analyses. Molecular Autism, 6(53), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0044-x
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Lachs, M. S., Teresi, J. A., Ramirez, M., van Haitsma, K., Silver, S., Eimicke, J. P., & … Pillemer, K. A. (2016). The prevalence of resident-to-resident elder mistreatment in nursing homes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(4), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-1209
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Zelenikova, R, Beach, M., Ren, D., Wolff, E., & Sherwood, P. (2014). Faculty perception of the effectiveness of EBP courses for graduate nursing students. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(6), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12068
Week 7
If your last name starts with A through I, use Article A.
Article A:
Scheepmans, K., Diercks de Casterie, B., Paquay, L. von Gansbeke H., & Milisen, K. (2014). Restraint use in home care: A qualitative study from a nursing perspective. BMC Geriatrics, 14, 17.
If your last name starts with J through R, use Article B.
Article B:
Aburn, G., & Gott, M. (2014). Education given to parents of children newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The parent’s perspective. Pediatric Nursing, 40(5), 243- 256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454211409585
If your last name starts with S through Z, use Article C.
Article C:
Tingsvik, C., Hammarskjöld, F., Mårtensson, J., & Henricson, M. (2018). Patients’ lived experience of intensive care when being on mechanical ventilation during the weaning process: A hermeneutic phenomenological study. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 47, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2018.03.004
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