What is the most important negative inotropic agent?

Question 1What is the most important negative inotropic agent?

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Question 2Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present.

Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present.

Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present.

Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery is present.

Question 3

An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect

Question 4Which laboratory test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

Homocysteine

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 5What is the major determinant of the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the systemic circulation?

Volume of blood in the systemic circulation

Muscle layer of the metarterioles

Muscle layer of the arterioles

Force of ventricular contraction

Question 6What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?

Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima.

It increases nitric oxide.

Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.

It obstructs the vessel.

Question 7What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

Release of the inflammatory cytokines

Macrophages adhere to vessel walls.

Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls

Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

Question 8In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume?

Increases preload and decreases afterload

Increases preload and increases afterload

Decreases preload and increases afterload

Decreases preload and decreases afterload

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