After reading the material, i need assistance and tutoring: Psyc
- After reading the material, i need assistance and tutoring:
- Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation external Learning Tool
Kline, T. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
i have Review Chapters 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 - Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics in psychology.Link
- Need to have an introduction that examines the construct, its conceptual definition/s, and related concepts.
- Review the literature and the existing tools that measure the construct.
- Provide justification for your original scale.
- Discuss how you intend to construct the items, cognizant of the basic principles of item pool construction, the necessity of SMEs, the unidimensionality or multidimensionality of the construct, etc.
- Write at least 20 sample items that represent the construct you are planning to measure. You may construct negatively-worded items, but indicate these in a chart or table. If the construct you choose has two or more dimensions under it, write sample items indicating which items fall under which dimension. (See for example, the Life Position Scale that contained four dimensions I’m OK etc. at first, but after factor analysis the dimensions reduced to two—I and You.)
- Argue for a specific method of running an item analysis procedure.
- Argue for at least two specific methods of establishing your scale’s validity (Choose at least one method for construct validity, and another method for criterion-related validity. In criterion validation, it is not enough to simply write that you are planning to employ the method. Be sure to specify the variable(s) you will correlate your scale with.
Length: 10-15 pages
Scale Construction proposal
Introduction
Research methods in validating the usefulness of a drugs usage scale.
The relevance of conducting authenticating procedures using standard measurement scales within a pharmacological environment.
The calibration of the scale and the item number are both necessary when determining the dose.
The dependability of the project's goals and the scale standardization.
Preferred categories of data that can be utilized in the scale development process.
The utilization of qualitative data in the presentation of the various stages of the scale construction process
The administration of drugs and the performance of drug tests within the pharmaceutical industry have historically been the most prominent forms of research technique utilized in validating the validity of a drug usage scale.
In this paper's review, the analysis is to explain credible and authentic measuring devices that any drug pharmaceutical firm can use to test typical drug doses. Additionally, the analysis will describe standard measurement standards.
The development of a standard, calibrated measurement apparatus would be important to prevent the use of different data, the integration of which could lead to erroneous interpretation of the level of the poison that has been taken beyond the dose point.
To accomplish the project's goal, this paper will describe the dependability of the process used to develop a valid and standard measurement instrument for standardizing the results of drug tests in the pharmaceutical industry before their application in the commercial market.
The paper will apply a variety of research with trustworthy information regarding the calibrating and standardizing of instruments according to ISO standards. This will ensure that the information required to develop the stages is accurate.
According to the findings of the analysis, the level of depth of comprehension of given research in connection to research subjects is determined by qualitative data.
Therefore, in the process of gathering information for the framework of the research, most research would use questionnaires with varying sample sizes to identify behavioral patterns and the drug preference scale.
2
Overview
The source of the growing problem with the scales used in research and their measurements
Strategies for preventing flaws in scale data outcomes
Sensitivity of errors within the pharmaceutical organization.
According to the findings of the research, there are a total of seven processes involved in the process of scale creation and analysis. These steps are as follows:
Item development
Content appropriateness analysis
Questionnaire presentation
Analyze the factors
Evaluation of the model's internal consistency
Construction validity
Model replication
According to the findings of the study, the majority of studies use measurement scales that are riddled with errors.
Because of the respondents' dissatisfaction, the questionnaires lack the reliability necessary to accurately evaluate and interpret the research findings.
The production process of drugs is particularly delicate because it determines the toxicity levels, and the effects of those levels would determine the fatality rate.
Therefore, pharmaceutical companies must implement study methods that provide distinctive phenomena relevant only to the industry.
However, the industry needs standard instruments with common calibrations and whose operation is guided through a defined framework for research to avoid flaws and psychometric problems during the research.
Although researchers might have a limited interest in qualitative opinion derived from general measurements, they will still rethink their approaches if the scales they used were inappropriate or unavailable.
Consequently, significant steps that would be important in developing valid scales would be deduced from the study. Since qualitative research would focus primarily on behavioral approaches in the study, this paper aims to develop interval scales that include both multi-items and subscales to measure interval levels and determine drug toxicity intervals.
3
Item generation
The integration of two different ideas is required for item production
The theory of deduction
The theory of induction
The integration of inductive and deductive reasoning into the process of scale construction.
Variations in the implementation of the theory.
Analysists believe that deductive theory is so demanding that it necessitates a deep comprehension of the relevant literature and the theoretical phenomena to guarantee that item content will be adequate for ultimate scaling.
As a result, it is the most appropriate method for measuring the quality of pharmaceuticals. It also serves as the key approach to standardizing the instruments used to scale drugs.
The construction scale process begins with the development of measurement instruments specific to the construct that is being evaluated.
According to the findings of the research, the procedure can take one of two different approaches: the inductive approach, in which the scale is derived after the item is produced, or the deductive approach, in which the theoretical generation of the scale is followed before the production of items with defined scaling.
Even though bot approaches are applicable in qualitative analysis, these methods still have a clearly defined place in certain contexts.
According to research, studies would always use an inductive approach when investigating unknown phenomena with little theory on the factor. This approach only requires a small amount of prior knowledge of the behavior, and after that, it would define and analyze all aspects of the behavioral response.
On the other hand, deductive reasoning is frequently used before the production of items. Because deductive reasoning relies on the theoretical definition of a construct, it is predominantly utilized in developing guidelines for the production of items.
4
Item Development
The development of useful items is dependent on the generation of useful items
Effective product development
The quantity of items selected affects the scaling process.
Regulations must be followed when selecting items.
In item development, there are standard guidelines constructers incorporate to ensure proper construction of items.
According to analysis, constructs presentation may be confusing to respondent especially in double barreled items.
For effectiveness in the assessment of the item, it is important keeping the consistency of the items under assessment.
Simplicity in the application used during constructs familiarizes respondents with details which is a foundation to consistency and reliability.
Except from maintenance of internal consistence and parsimonies, there are no specific rules to retention of the minimum number of items.
However, studies recommends keeping of the measures short to minimize biasness from the surrounding factors.
More importantly, time consumption is also a factor in the choice of items, hypothetically, more items would require more time.
In setting quality scale, studies suggests setting of items between four and six for conceptual dimensions which would approximate a more than one and half new item retention for final scaling.
With reference to the Work of Bass and Avolio, measurement of transformational construct is a perfect example of generating and developing multiple item process.
In his studies, he compares the performance of transformational leadership in gaining the attention in hospitality industry despite being a new approach (Buswell, Thorpe, Soar, & Gibb, 2008).
Their ability of developing 142 items which seemed to be resourceful in assessing a range of leadership dimension shows the success of multi item development process in construct (Buswell, Thorpe, Soar, & Gibb, 2008)
5
Content Adequacy Assessment
The importance of content adequacy analysis
The regulatory measures that are included in the content adequacy assessment
The methods that are engaged in the process of content adequacy assessment
The dependability of the method used to determine whether the item's content is sufficient for the scaling procedure.
This is the second step of construct scaling which involves item pretesting for adequacy.
According to research, many overlook the step mostly for personal favor, since this is a quality assurance stage, most researchers tend to avoid it to save on the resources and time invested in collection and setting of data only to find flaw in the measure at the end.
Through the process researchers can be able to find fault in the flaw measurements and even allow deletion of inconsistent items for construct validity.
However to match corresponding definition of items, an index agreement is made before the administration of the items with corresponding items.
In another context statisticians also use variance technique in testing the adequacy of the items, which is simply used by small samples which economical cost.
There are different content assessment methods used in sorting items in constructs which involves the use of experts in the domain or the use of naïve respondents who can be able to read and understand definitions and items which can be used in scaling.
However, these techniques may not present guaranteed validity of the item but it is a representation of a reasonable measure of construct under study.
6
Questionnaire assessment
A conference between the items and the assumptions regarding their psychometric qualities.
The product's final use after the authentication process has been completed.
The research technique of Likert scaling is used in the questionnaire assessment.
The number of people in the sample impacts the statistical test.
Determining whether or not the scaling process can be successful.
In this stage, the number of the items retained in the previous stage are tested in an appropriate sample that would confirm the conference of the items to the psychometric properties expectations (Edwards, n.d.,).
After the examination process, the new item would be administered with measure which will later assess the overlapping of the existing scales.
From analysis, Likert scaling is the most applicable research method which comprises of five to seven point Likert scales.
Using the approach, the adequacy of the sample size will depend with the number of items needed for the significance of the statistical test.
The researchers would then gather essential information to test item performance which is essential in determining the viability of scaling process.
From analysis, Likert scaling is the most applicable research method which comprises of five to seven point Likert scales(Wei Chen & Song, 2018).
7
Factor Analysis
Fundamental aspects of the evaluation procedure
The exploratory element
The inductive methodology
A contrast between the two contributing factors
The efficiency of the two components in the overall process of scale construction
A description of the interaction between the two components.
The extent to which the criteria apply to the scaling process
Exceptions to the general rule of applying the output methods.
Exploratory factor is one of the analyses which reduces acquired set of observed variables into smaller variables.
On the other hand, there is confirmatory analysis which evaluates the importance of the overall model in defining the quality of factor structure.
Research shows inductive approach can be more resourceful in identifying predictable items in the analysis.
Consequently, the two factors can be used in determining inter-item variables correlations which gives the researcher insight on which variable may be deleted from the variable.
Factor analysis is meant to ensure independence of scaling item and how many numbers of items should the research relying on in making a reasonable scaling instrument.
In case of large outputs, the analyses are continually repeated to eliminate undesirable variances so as to correspond with the theoretical definition (Wei, Chen, & Song, 2018).
In exploratory factor analysis, the principle axis is applied in accounting for random errors and determine the number of factors to be retaining depending with the results.
From the analysis, the smaller numbers give precise outcome with plausible measurement for setting scaling construct.
8
Internal Consistency Assessment
Specifying the sampling zone with internal consistency assessment.
Appropriateness of internal consistency analysis.
Restrictions imposed on the applicability of the process.
The need to incorporate an internal consistency assessment within the overall process of scale construction.
The internal consistency process is meant to calculate the reliability of the scale and its internal constituency.
In calculating the reliability, a large coefficient alpha represents a strong covariance of the item and a confirmation of sampling domain capturing.
However if still the numbers in retained items remains relatively large, the research may still eliminate those items which may have limited effect to the reliability of the scales.
According to the analysis, strong internal constituency reliability in the revision of the scales defines the number of retained items in the constructs (Hakim, 2015).
More importantly, evaluating internal consistency reliability is more necessary in development of new scaling, which examines scales with low reliability and recommend for addition of items or reexamination of the items already incorporated in the construct (Hakim, 2015).
Without knowing the consistency of the items in the construct, it might be difficult in validating the measures of scale and the scaling functionality
9
Construct Validation
An overview of the stage's operational capabilities
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity,
Criterion-related validity is the outcome of the validation procedure.
An investigation into how the validation process influences the various relationships.
In this stage, the stage validates the content demonstrated in the constructs and the internal consistency of the content.
During the process, the evidence should confirm convergent validity, discriminant validity and criterion-related validity.
Convergent validity can achieved by examining scale correlation extend in which it assesses similar design constructs.
On the other hand, discriminant validity will involve extend in which scales with dissimilar measure do not correlate.
However examining these relationships with regard to variables which are set theoretically to be the outcome and standard measure defines the criterion-related validity.
According to the analysis, more data is gathered on the scaling items with different variables where conceptually, the convergent validity should define the criterion-related validity.
Therefore the definition of these two conceptual validities, should support the construct validity and defines extend in which scales relates to the resulting measures.
However this is the most difficult stage of scale construct process since different scaling will work differently in different settings.
10
Replication
Replication step processes
Things to take into consideration while duplicating a large-scale construction procedure
Errors in the application of the process;
Replicable phases within the procedure;
Assessment of confirmatory factors;
Evaluation of internal consistency reliability;
Construct validation
The replication stage involves restructuring process of the new set of data using the new scales from the scale construct process.
In this stage, research can apply different samples depending with the demand of the theory and the hypothesis testing.
However, when replicating the process often researchers fail from common source problem which is advisable to avoid initial testing respondents.
Despite trusting the new scaling, the replication should follow the entire scaling construct process which involves confirmatory factor analysis, assessment of internal consistency reliability and construct validation. (Hakim, 2015)
The replica process is a confirmatory factor to the scaling which can be used as a standardization in future applications
11
Specific methods of establishing scale’s validity
Important details that ought to be present on every scale include credibility, validity, and the element of arbitrariness.
Researchers will be needed to collect data from four more scales that have since been recommended by the "Managerial Practices Survey (MPS) for the convergent validity assessment.
The inspirational scale is based on influence strategies that stir up excitement for work by appealing to emotion or reasoning.
Validity, credibility, and the aspect of arbitrary are crucial details, which should exist in any scale. Blanton clearly points out that ensuring that validity, and credibility are top priorities in the formulation of any given scale is very important (Blanton, and Jaccard 83).
In this case, by making use of the criterion-related strategy, the scale generated will be crucial, and beneficial in the analysis.
For the convergent validity assessment, we will be required to gather data from four additional scales, which have been suggested by the f Managerial Practices Survey (MPS) (John, and Veronica 92).
The first scale, which will be the clarifying scale, will focuses on the specific task assignment.
On the other hand, the second scale, the inspiring scale, is based on influence techniques that appeal to emotion, or logic to generate enthusiasm for work.
The third scale, supporting, includes behaviors such as listening to complaints, and looking out for interests of the third parties.
The fourth scale, team building, focuses on cooperation, teamwork, and constructive conflict resolution of the existing intelligence scales.
Correlating the scale with all these elements will ensure that we get the intended numbers, and the accuracy, and the validity of the scale will be guaranteed irrespective of the errors, which may emanate along the way.
12
Conclusion
Project summary
The significance of the initiative concerning modern developments in pharmaceutical businesses
The fundamental flaw that prevents drug manufacture from scaling properly.
The influence that scaling has on the legitimacy of the results.
From the overview of the scale construct process, the pharmaceutical company can utilize the steps in creating items and creating scaling tools for standardization.
From the analysis, research is turning out to be a resourceful tool in setting specificity in the quantity and the quality of goods in the industrial level.
Through the procedural analysis, company productivity is likely to incur problems from product content misappropriation which may develop giving little attention to scale construct and psychometric analysis.
It is evident poor scaling raises to questions to the entire project and its results.
Therefore, it is necessary taking every stage in scaling serious knowing it determines the viability of the outcome and usable data from the research.
13
Reference
Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics in psychology. American Psychologist, 61(1), 27.
Buswell, R., Thorpe, A., Soar, R., & Gibb, A. (2008). Design, data and process issues for mega-scale rapid manufacturing machines used for construction. Automation in Construction, 17(8), 923-929. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2008.03.001
Edwards, A. L. (n.d.). The scale-discrimination technique. Techniques of attitude scale construction, 201-219. doi:10.1037/14423-008
Hakim, A. A. (2015). Accelerators to Occupancy: Expediting the Design and Construction Process for Large Scale Projects. AEI 2015. doi:10.1061/9780784479070.014
John, O. P., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Measurement: Reliability, construct validation, and scale construction. Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology.
Wei, C., Chen, J., & Song, Z. (2018). Multilevel MVU models with localized construction for monitoring processes with large scale data. Journal of Process Control, 67, 176-196. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2017.06.011
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