According to some Philosophers, only human beings are capable of thinking critically. Thus, they maintain reasoning or critical thinking is what distinguishes us from animals.
According to some Philosophers, only human beings are capable of thinking critically. Thus, they maintain reasoning or critical thinking is what distinguishes us from animals. Do you agree with these philosophers that ONLY human beings are capable of thinking critically? If so why, if no, why not?
PHIL110 CRITICAL THINKING, ONLINE
Discussion 2
According to social relativists, right and wrong are only matters of cultural practice, and cultural practice varies from society to society; therefore, there is no such thing as universal right or wrong. Social Relativists’ argument implies that we cannot criticize other peoples’ cultural practices, no matter what. Do you agree with social relativists that there are no “universal rights or wrongs”? Why or why not? Please, use concrete examples to either refute or support their argument.
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Discussion 3
Given the fast and steady increase in the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns in the United States, do you think we need stricter gun control laws even if those laws will violate the right of citizens as spelled out in the second amendment “the right to bear arms”? Substantiate your position with compelling evidence.
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Discussion 4
Should capital punishment (death penalty) be abolished in the United States of America? If yes, why, if no, why not?
Please make sure you back up your argument with compelling evidence. Also, remember to comment on others’ answers. Your grade will be based on the quality and quantity of your input.
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Discussion 5
President Trump has declared a national emergency at the border to access billions of dollars to build a border wall that Congress refused to give him. According to him, the declaration is meant to protect the country from the flow of drugs, criminals and illegal immigrants coming across the border from Mexico, which he characterized as a profound threat to national security. Do you find President Trump’s argument convincing? Why or why not? Support your answer with compelling evidence or examples.
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Discussion 6
In the light of the epidemic of gun violence in the nation’s schools, some politicians have suggested concealed carry weapons for teachers as a solution to school shootings. According to these politicians, the only way to stop mass shootings in schools is with MORE guns rather than fewer. Do you find this line of reasoning compelling? If yes, why, if no, why not? In your opinion, what is the best solution to curb the epidemic of gun violence in the nation’s schools? Justify your answer?
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Discussion 7
In your opinion, do you think Affirmative Action is just/fair to young white males who are passed over on the basis of race? Given that we have had black President, do you think Affirmative Action is still necessary? If yes, why, if no, why not?
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Discussion 8
Should the government tax wealthy citizens (more) to support people who are poor and needy? (p. 316) If yes, why, if no, why not? Please support your answer with compelling examples/evidence.
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Discussion 9
Answer one of the questions below (You may choose to answer both; however, you are required to write only on one, and comment on others’ answers.)
1) Alabama Supreme Court recently ruled that an unborn baby is a person; therefore, abortion is murder. Do you agree with the Alabama Supreme Court’s decision that fetuses are persons; therefore, abortion is murder? Why or why not? Please, support your answer with compelling evidence.
2) A young woman is considering having an abortion because she does not think she can afford to have a child. She got pregnant in an uncommitted relationship, and she does not want to risk the chance of being a single mother. As well, she is not emotionally and financially mature enough to raise a child, and she is a brilliant student wishing to finish her education. She is being pressured to have an abortion by her boyfriend, who is fearful of the prospect of being a father, and/or by her parents, who are ashamed of her and don’t wish for her to be a single unmarried mother. Would you or would you not recommend abortion to her? Justify your position.
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Discussion 10
According to Immanuel Kant, since truthfulness must be an unconditional duty, there is never a good reason for lying. Do you agree with Kant that lying is always wrong no matter what? Please justify your answer with compelling examples or evidence.
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Discussion 11
According to ethical egoists, right actions are those that promote one’s own best interests (Vaugh p. 430). Thus, ethical egoists agree with psychological egoists that the basis of all human action is ultimately self-interest.
Do you agree with ethical and psychological egoists that human beings are incapable of acting selflessly? In other words, are all human actions motivated by self-interest? Justify your answer with compelling evidence or examples.
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Module 1 Assignment
Colloquy-Paper
Read chapter one of The Power of Critical Thinking by Vaughn and then summarize, in your own words, the author’s main ideas. Indicate where you agree or disagree with the author and why? Your paper should not be less than a paragraph and it should not be more than a page.
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Module 2 Assignment
Colloquy-Paper
Read chapter two of The Power of Critical Thinking by Vaughn and then summarize, in your own words, the author’s main ideas. Also, demonstrate that your understanding is critical. In other words, explain where you agree or disagree with the author and why. Your paper should not be less than a paragraph and it should not be more than a page.
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Module 3 Assignment
Critical Paper
This week, in place of the colloquy paper, please answer the question below (the question is found in Vaughn’s book. (p. 106):
Should the police or other security officers be permitted to use racial profiling to prevent terrorist attack in the USA?
Support your position with compelling evidence. Also, anticipate one potential objection to your position (why might someone think your argument is wrong? What would they say to make their case?). Make sure you rebut the anticipated objection.That is, explain why the objection to your position is unconvincing,
Your paper should be between 250 and 300 words. Clarity of expression, good grammar, and logical organization, are important aspects of your essay.
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Module 4 Assignment
Critical Paper
This week, in place of the colloquy paper, please answer the question below:
DO YOU THINK BLACK KILLERS OF WHITES ARE FAR MORE LIKELY TO BE SENTENCED TO DEATH THAN WHITE KILLERS OF BLACKS? SUBSTANTIATE YOUR ANSWER WITH COMPELLING EVIDENCE OR EXAMPLES.
Support your position with compelling evidence. Also, make sure you anticipate one possible objection to your position (why might someone think your argument is wrong? What would they say to make their case?). Make sure you rebut the anticipated objection. That is, explain why the objection to your position is unconvincing,
Your paper should be between 250 and 300 words. Clarity of expression, good grammar, and logical organization, are important aspects of your essay.
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Module 6 Assignment
Critical Paper
This week, in place of the colloquy paper, please answer the question below:
After one of the deadliest mass shootings in modern US history at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida, some politicians are considering a comprehensive plan to keep students safe, including a suggestion to raise the minimum age to buy a gun (riffle) from 18 to 21. These politicians believe raising the legal age of purchase for “all” guns to 21 will serve as a middle point between Second Amendment and student safety. Do you find this argument compelling?
Support your position with compelling evidence. Also, make sure you anticipate one possible objection to your position (why might someone think your argument is wrong? What would they say to make their case?). Make sure you rebut the anticipated objection. That is, explain why the objection to your position is unconvincing,
Your paper should be between 250 and 300 words. Clarity of expression, good grammar, and logical organization, are important aspects of your essay.
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Module 7 Assignment
Imp-Suggestion-Extra
What constructive suggestion do you have for improving this online course? Also, indicate what you like and/or dislike most about this instructor and the course?
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Module 8 Assignment
CLA-Critical Paper
Please read pages 11-14 of Critical Thinking Methods and Cases (Exercise # 2 “Aggravated Assault Court Case” ) edited by Gregory Rich, and answer the question on page 12. (Does the evidence given by Officer Moore and Mrs. Green show that Mr. Swimmer is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt? Why, or why not?) Please ignore the questions on page 14. Make sure you read the scenario as well as documents A-C before you answer the question.
In answering this question, explain the reasons for your conclusions, and justify those conclusions by explicitly referring to the specific documents and statements on which your conclusions are based. Please be specific and make sure that your answer considers all the evidence presented in the documents.
Your answers will be judged on how clearly the ideas are presented, how effectively the ideas are organized, how thoroughly the information is covered, and how you explain the fallacies involved. While your personal values and experiences are important, you should base your responses to the questions on the evidence provided in the documents. Correct grammar is crucial because it fosters understanding. Grades for this essay will be rubric-based. See the posted rubric. Your paper should be between 260 and 400 words.
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Module 9 Assignment
CLA-Critical Paper
HAZING
Read pages 1-6 of Critical Thinking Methods and Cases edited by Gregory Rich and answer the questions on page 2. Please ignore the questions on page 7. Those who will use the electronic version of the book should read pages 1-7 and answer the question on page 2. (ignore the questions on p. 7) Make sure you read the scenario as well as documents A-F before you answer the question.
In answering the questions, explain the reasons for your conclusions, and justify those conclusions by explicitly referring to the specific documents and statements on which your conclusions are based. Please be specific and make sure that your answer considers all the evidence presented in the documents.
Your answers will be judged on how clearly the ideas are presented, how effectively the ideas are organized, how thoroughly the information is covered, and how you explain the fallacies involved. While your personal values and experiences are important, you should base your responses to the questions on the evidence provided in the documents. Correct grammar is crucial because it fosters understanding. Grades for this essay will be rubric-based. See the posted rubric.
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Module 10 Assignment
Extra-CLA
Read (Exercise #3 “Recycling”), pages 19-23 of Critical Thinking Methods and Cases edited by Gregory Rich and answer the questions on page 20. Please ignore the questions on page 23. Those who will use the electronic version of the book should read pages 13-17 and answer the question on page 14. (ignore the questions on p. 17). Make sure you read the scenario as well as documents A-D before you answer the questions.
In answering the questions, explain the reasons for your conclusions, and justify those conclusions by explicitly referring to the specific documents and statements on which your conclusions are based. Please be specific and make sure that your answer considers all the evidence presented in the documents.
Your answers will be judged on how clearly the ideas are presented, how effectively the ideas are organized, how thoroughly the information is covered, and how you explain the fallacies involved. While your personal values and experiences are important, you should base your responses to the questions on the evidence provided in the documents. Correct grammar is crucial because it fosters understanding. Grades for this essay will be rubric-based. See the posted rubric.
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Module 11 Assignment
How is this course positively or negatively affecting your life? Give specific examples to buttress your claim.
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Module 13 Assignment
Final Reflection-Extra
Now that this online class is over, what did you like and/or dislike about this class? What constructive suggestions do you have for improving this class in the future? Also, what did you learn from this class that you didn’t know and how is this “newly” acquired knowledge going to impact your future life?
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Quiz Chapter 1
Question 1The word “philosophy” literally means
Love of Bickering
Love of Wisdom
Love of Humanity
Love of Women
Question 2Critical thinking is
Passively absorbing ideas and information
Thinking inside the box
Thinking outside the box
Conforming our ideas to the wishes of the group
Question 3
An argument, as that term is used in critical thinking, is
A report of what will happen in the future
A claim defended with reason or evidence
A physical fight between two angry people
A quarrel or dispute between two or more persons
Question 4When we are engaged in evaluation and analysis of ideas and information, we are engaged in
Conforming to the ideas and wishes of others
Dogmatic Level of Thinking
Higher Order Thinking
Lower Level Thinking
Question 5Statements in an argument offered as evidence or reasons in support of another statement are called
Explanations
Indicator words
Premises
Conclusions
Question 6Lower order thinking involves
actively participating in discussions and asking thought provoking questions
evaluating ana analyzing ideas and information
passively absorbing information and then repeat it back on test
None of the Above
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Quiz Chapter 2
Question 1Which of the following is one of the psychological hindrances to critical thinking?
Self-interested thinking
subjective relativism
Philosophical hindrances
social relativism
Question 2Critical thinking requires one to
accept claims without evidence
think that one is above average; therefore, everyone else is wrong
not to listen to opposing views
admit to one’s shorcomings
Question 3According to the text, one way to avoid self-interested thinking is to
to be dogmatic
engage in selective attention
ignore opposing evidence
look for opposing evidence
Question 4____________ the desire to do what everyone else is doing
conformism
critical thinking
subjective relativism
social relativism
Question 5Hindrances that arise because of how we think are referred to as
Subjective obstacles
Philosophical obstacles
Theoretical obstacles
Psychological obstacles
Question 6Conformism is said to be one of the hindrances to good critical thinking because it can
cause dependence on others and reduce one’s creativity
promote higher order thinking
promote tolerance and orderliness in society
help people to think critically and independently
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Quiz Chapter 3
Question 1Which of the following is true of a deductively valid argument?
The premises may or may not be true
The Truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
All of the Above
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true
Question 2An argument is ___________ if it is valid and all of its premises are true
Strong
Weak
Sound
invalid
Question 3I have never met an African with a nasty disposition. I bet there aren’t any. This is
An Inductive Argument
None of the Above
Both Deductive and Inductive Argument
A Deductive Argument
Question 4All human beings need oxygen to survive. You are a human being, so you need oxygen to survive This is argument is
Both valid and sound
valid but unsound
Both invalid and unsound
sound but invalid
Question 5Paul is taller than Job and Job is taller than Cecilia. Therefore, Paul is taller than Cecilia. This is argument is
Inductively valid
Inductively invalid
Deductively invalid
Deductively valid
Question 6Bill Clinton made a fine Senator, and then made a fine President. Hilary Clinton will make a fine President. After all, she made a fine Senator. This argument is
None of the Above
Deductive
Both Deductive and Inductive
Inductive
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Quiz Chapter 3B
Question 1A syllogism is an argument with
Exactly 2 premises and one conclusion
Exactly 1 premise and 2 conclusions
Exactly 2 premises and 2 conclusions
Exactly 2 premises with no conclusion
Question 2The first statement in a conditional premise is referred to as
Antecedent
Consequent
Modus Ponens
Syllogism
Question 3A consequent is
The second statement in a conditional premise
The first statement in a conditional premise
The statement that comes right after the word “if” in a conditional statement
None of the answers given is correct
Question 4hypothetical syllogisms are often referred to as
Chain arguments
Antecedent
Consequent
Modus Ponens
Question 5Both Modus Pollens and Modus Tollens are
Deductively valid
Deductively invalid
Inductively valid
Inductively invalid
Question 6The three-line argument with three conditional statements or premises (if-then) premises are referred to as
Hypothetical syllogism
Disjunctive syllogism
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
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Quiz Chapter 4
Question 1Our most important source of information about the world, for critical thinkers, comes from
Our Spouses
Personal Experience
Church Pastors
Professors
Question 2Which of the following factors are to be considered in dealing whether someone should be considered an expert?
All of the Above
Experience
Accomplishment
Education
Question 3Which of the following factors are irrelevant in deciding whether someone should be considered an expert?
Ethnicity
Experience
Education
Reputation
Question 4Which of the following is most accurate regarding background information or beliefs?
Background beliefs are infallible; therefore, they are not subject to revision
Background beliefs are fallible; but they are not subject to revision
Background beliefs are not subject to revision even if sufficient evidence is presented against them
Background beliefs should be subject to revision if sufficient evidence is presented against them
Question 5If a claim conflicts with other claims we have good reason to accept, we have good grounds for…
doubting it
accepting it
believing it
believing and accepting it
Question 6If a claim conflicts with our background information, we have good reason to…
accept it
believe it
replace it
doubt it
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Quiz Chapter 5
Question 1We’ve all heard Dr. Singer’s case against killing animals for food. But let’s face it; this is America and everyone loves a good steak. If you’re invited to dinner and the host is serving meat, you’re going appear outright rude if you refuse to eat what you’re served. What fallacy is involved here?
Bandwagon
Straw Man
Scare Tactics
Ad Hominem
Question 2Choose the best fallacy, if there is one, for the following: Yea, I know some people say that lying is wrong. But we all know that everyone does it, so it’s okay to lie. Which fallacy is being committed here?
Bandwagon Argument
No Fallacy
Straw Man
Red Herring
Question 3Choose the best fallacy, if there is one, for the following: How can you tell me I should exercise to lose weight. All you do is sit on your coach watching TV all day. I have never seen you do a lick of exercise
Look Who is Talking
Scare Tactics
Bandwagon
Straw Man
Question 4Choose the best fallacy, if there is one, for the following: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: My client stands before you accused of three bank robberies. But the prosecution has not told you about five little innocent children in this story, who will have a hard time getting food on their table if their daddy goes to prison.
Appeal to Pity
Equivocation
Ad Hominen Fallacy
Look who’s talking
Question 5Sure I believe in God. People have believed in God for thousands of years so it seems clear that God must exist. After all, why else would the belief last so long? This is a fallacy of
Look who’s talking
Appeal to Tradition
Equivocation
Appeal to Ignorance
Question 6Mr. A. Theist has argued that a moment of silence in public schools would violate the separation of church and state. But have you ever met that jerk. His attacks on religion obviously stem from the fact that he’s a narrow-minded bigot who never had the inclination to pray for the benefit of anyone else. In fact, just the fact that Mr. Theist opposes the proposal is enough for me to accept it. What fallacy is involved here
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)
Bandwagon
Equivocation
No Fallacy
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Quiz Chapter 8
Question 1 When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as…
Enumerative induction
Enumerative deduction
Analogical induction
Causal induction
Question 2In enumerative induction, the whole collection of individuals being examined is called the…
Target group
Inductive group
Syllogism
Sample group
Question 3An enumerative inductive argument can fail to be strong because…
The sample is representative of the target group
The sample has many members
The sample is too small or not representative
The target group is large
Question 4When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we make an error known as…
Representative sample
Hasty Generalization
Inductive fault
Biased sample
Question 5zhe fallacy of reasoning that just because B followed A, A must have caused B is known as
Faulty Analogy
Representative Fallacy
Post hoc, ergo prompter hoc
Hasty Generalization
Question 6We’re guilty of hasty generalization whenever we draw a conclusion about a target group based on…
Large sample size
Enumerative induction
Sufficient evidence
Inadequate sample size
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Quiz Chapter 9
Question 1Inference to the best explanation is a form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to…
An explanation for the state of affiars
A deductive conclusion
An enumerative induction
An analogical induction
Question 2Before evaluating a theory, we should make sure that it meets the minimum requirement of
Consistency
Adequacy
Conservatism
Simplicity
Question 3A theory that is internally consistent is free of
contradiction
grammatical errors
inductive arguments
spelling errors
Question 4The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories are known as
the criteria of adequacy
the criteria of consistency
the criteia of internal consistency
the criteria of external inconsistency
Question 5If there is some way to determine whether a theory is true or false, it is said to
Testable
Simple
conservative
fruitful
Question 6A fruitful theory is one that
makes novel predictions
makes many assumptions
makes few assumptions
makes diverse claims
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Quiz Chapter 11
Question 1Which of the following is a moral statement?
Handsome Paul teaches critical thinking
Paul is good looking Professor
Some people are homosexual
Homosexuality is immoral
Question 2Non moral statements
None of the Above
Describe state of affairs
assert that an action is right
assert that an action is wrong
Question 3A moral principle is just
A particular non-moral statement
A general moral statement
A particular moral statement
A general non-moral statemnet
Question 4Moral reasoning mostly consists of
Applying a general non-moral principle to a specific case
Applying a specific case to a general non-moral principle
Applying a general moral principle to a specific case
Applying a specific case to a general moral principle
Question 5One of three criteria for judging the worth of moral theories is consistency with…
Social norms
Considered moral judgments
None of the Above
Considered nonmoral judgments
Question 6Considered moral judgments are…
Those moral judgments that the majority of people accept
None of the above
Those moral judgments that we accept because of our upbringing
Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully
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Midterm Quiz
Question 1In PHIL 110 class, we studied that critical thinking is
Thinking outside the box
Passively absorbing ideas and information
Conforming our ideas to the wishes of the group
Thinking inside the box
Question 2Which of the following is true of a deductively valid argument?
All of the Above
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true
The premises may or may not be true
The Truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
Question 3Which of the following is a statement?
What day is today?
Fayetteville is the largest city in the USA
Quit telling lies!
Dear God, let all my critical thinking students make an A in this class
Question 4The part of an argument that gives us evidence or reason for accepting the conclusion is referred to as
a premise
a conclusion
an explanation
an indicator word
Question 5The conclusion of the following argument is _______
Witches are real. They are mentioned in the Bible. There are many people today who claim to be witches. And historical records reveal there were witches in Salem.”
They are mentioned in the bible
And historical records reveal there were witches in Salem
There are many people today who claim to be witches
Witches are real
Question 6Explanations, unlike arguments,
always contain at least a premise and a conclusion
All of the above
try to prove that a statement is true
try to show why or how something is the way it is
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Final Quiz
Question 1The Inference to the Best Explanation is an example of
Neither deductive nor inductive
Deductive argument
Inductive argument
Both deductive and inductive
Question 2In the Inference to the Best Explanation, the best explanation is the one that
is less likely to be true
guarantees the truth of the explanation
is extremely likely to be true
is certainly to be true
Question 3Considered moral judgments are…
Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully
All the possible answers are correct
Those moral judgments that we accept because of our upbringing
Those moral judgments that the majority of people accept
Question 4Which of the following is a moral statement?
Handsome Paul is a good looking Professor
Homosexuality is immoral
Handsome Paul teaches critical thinking
Some people are homosexual
Question 5Which of the following is a general moral principle?
All the possible answers are correct
it is wrong to kill innocent people
President Trump is accused of cheating on his wife
Saddam Hussein killed innocent people
Question 6For Utilitarians,
None of the above
The end always justifies the means
The means always justifies the end
We ought to follow moral rules no matter the outcome
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