In the mouth and stomach, salivary ?-amylase initiates the digestion of which nutrients?
1. In the mouth and stomach, salivary ?-amylase initiates the digestion of which nutrients?
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Fats
d. Fiber
2. Saliva contains which immunoglobulin (Ig)?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM
3. What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?
a. Salivation becomes thinner.
b. Salivation decreases.
c. The pH of saliva changes.
d. Digestive enzymes are inhibited.
4. Food enters the stomach via which orifice or sphincter?
a. Cardiac
b. Upper esophageal
c. Gastric
d. Fundal
5. Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
a. Parietal
b. Chief
c. G
d. D
6. Which cells in the stomach secrete histamine?
a. Oxyntic
b. Chief
c. D
d. Enterochromaffin-like
7. Which gastric hormone inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion, as well as decreases the release of gastrin?
a. Motalin
b. Histamine
c. Somatostatin
d. Acetylcholine
8. Which enzyme breaks down protein-forming polypeptides in the stomach?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Pepsin
c. Gastrin
d. Secretin
9. Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
a. Prostaglandins
b. Acetylcholine
c. Helicobacter pylori
d. Regurgitated bile
10. The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum that contain an extensive vascular and nervous network. What are these folds called?
a. Ligament of Treitz
b. Mesentery
c. Auerbach folds
d. Lamina propria
11. Where in the small intestines are lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages produced?
a. Brush border
b. Microvilli
c. Lamina propria
d. Crypts of Lieberkühn
12. The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes. What response by the professor is best?
a. The intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes.
b. A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained.
c. The epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and therefore repel water.
d. Receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides.
13. Which statement best describes the gastrointestinal tract?
a. The gastrointestinal tract is a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
b. The gastrointestinal tract is a hollow tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.
c. The gastrointestinal tract is a baglike structure that propels partially digested food (chyme).
d. The gastrointestinal tract is 5 m long and consists of three segments.
14. Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?
a. Sodium
b. Phosphate
c. Potassium
d. Chloride
15. What process is capable of increasing both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure, thereby facilitating defecation?
a. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter
b. Intestinal peristalsis
c. Valsalva maneuver
d. Ileogastric reflex
16. Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates?
a. Trypsin
b. Amylase
c. Lipase
d. Chymotrypsin
17. What is the formation of water-soluble molecules to facilitate the absorption of the byproducts of lipid hydrolysis accomplished by?
a. Micelles
b. Phospholipase
c. Chylomicrons
d. Colipase
18. What is the primary source of physiologic iron?
a. Transferrin from plasma
b. Pepsin form pepsinogen
c. Bile from bilirubin
d. Heme from animal protein
19. A professor has taught a class of students about the characteristics of vitamin B12. Which statement by a student demonstrates a need for more education?
a. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum.
b. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in its free (unbound) form in small amounts.
c. Vitamin B12 is necessary for platelet maturation.
d. Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor.
20. Which water-soluble vitamin is absorbed by passive diffusion?
a. Vitamin B6
b. Vitamin B1
c. Vitamin K
d. Folic acid
21. Which vitamin facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum?
a. B6
b. C
c. E
d. B12
22. What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora?
a. Metabolizing bile salts, estrogens, and lipids
b. Breaking down proteins into amino acids
c. Facilitating the motility of the colon
d. Metabolizing aldosterone and insulin
23. How are Kupffer cells best described?
a. Natural killer cells that produce interferon-gamma (IFN-?)
b. Contractile and therefore capable of regulating the sinusoid blood flow
c. Bactericidal and therefore central to innate immunity
d. Able to metabolize estrogen, progesterone, and androgens
24. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of which aged cells?
a. Platelets
b. Protein
c. Leukocytes
d. Erythrocytes
25. The process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is best described as which transformation?
a. Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen
b. Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin
c. Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin
d. Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen
26. A professor has been teaching a class on gastrointestinal function. Which statement by a student indicates the need for more education?
a. Within 30 min of eating, the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach.
b. Cholinergic branches of the vagus nerve mediate gallbladder contraction.
c. Cholecystokinin provides hormonal regulation of gallbladder contraction.
d. The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder.
27. Which structure synthesizes clotting factors and the vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?
a. Colon
b. Spleen
c. Gallbladder
d. Liver
28. How many days does it take for the entire epithelial population of the small intestines to be replaced?
a. 30 to 45
b. 15 to 25
c. 7 to 15
d. 4 to 7
29. Which statement, made by a student, is correct regarding the state of the intestinal tract at birth?
a. The intestinal tract is colonized by Escherichia coli.
b. The intestinal tract is sterile.
c. Clostridium welchii is present in but in very small numbers.
d. Streptococcus colonization in the intestinal tract has begun.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Gastric emptying is delayed by the presence of which substances? (Select all that apply.)
a. Solids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Nonisotonic solutions
d. Bacteria
e. Fats
2. Which hormones are involved in the relaxation of the stomach’s fundus during swallowing?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Progesterone
b. Glucagon
c. Motilin
d. Gastrin
e. Cholecystokinin
3. Which hormones are involved in regulating gastric motility by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers? (Select all that apply.)
a. Estrogen
b. Secretin
c. Somatostatin
d. Gastrin
e. Motilin
4. What requirements are necessary for calcium to be absorbed through the ileum at concentrations of less than 5 mmol/L? (Select all that apply.)
a. Receptor site on the ileum
b. Vitamin D3
c. Vitamin K
d. Carboxypeptidase
e. A carrier protein
5. Which water-soluble vitamins are dependent on sodium for absorption? (Select all that apply.)
a. Pantothenic acid
b. Vitamin B1
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B12
e. Folic acid
6. What information does the student learn regarding the functions of the pancreas? (Select all that apply.)
a. Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes.
b. Bilirubin and S cells inhibit the secretion of pancreatic enzymes.
c. Pancreatic polypeptide is released after eating.
d. Acetylcholine (ACh) is liberated from the pancreatic branches of the vagus nerve.
e. ACh stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes.
7. Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay? (Select all that apply.)
a. Salivary ?-amylase
b. Ptyalin
c. Mucin
d. Exogenous fluoride
e. A pH of 7.4
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