Which component of the epidermis initiates immune responses and provides a defense against environmental antigens?
1. Which component of the epidermis initiates immune responses and provides a defense against environmental antigens?
a. Langerhans cells
b. Merkel cells
c. Keratinocytes
d. Melanocytes
2. Which cells of the dermis release histamine and play a role in the hypersensitivity reactions of the skin?
a. Histiocytes
b. Fibroblasts
c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages
3. Which cells of the dermis secrete connective tissue matrix?
a. Macrophages
b. Mast cells
c. Fibroblasts
d. Histiocytes
4. Which gland releases secretions that are important in thermoregulation and cooling of the body through evaporation?
a. Sebaceous
b. Apocrine
c. Eccrine
d. Exocrine
5. Which receptors of the sympathetic nervous system regulate heat loss through the skin?
a. Cholinergic
b. ?-Adrenergic
c. ?-Adrenergic
d. Anticholinergic
6. The healthcare professional is assessing four patients for pressure ulcer formation. What is the first change in the skin that the professional would note if a patient were developing a pressure ulcer?
a. Blanchable erythema of intact skin
b. Nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
c. Blister at the site of pressure
d. Reddish-purple discoloration
7. Which type of dressings should the healthcare professional apply to pressure ulcers?
a. Flat and dry
b. Flat, moisture-retaining
c. Bulky and dry
d. Bulky, moisture-retaining
8. What term is used to identify skin lesions that are elevated, rounded, and firm with irregular clawlike margins that extend beyond the original site of injury?
a. Psoriasis
b. Dermatitis
c. Acne
d. Keloid
9. Keloids are caused by excessive amounts of which substance in the corneum during connective tissue repair?
a. Elastin
b. Collagen
c. Stroma
d. Reticular fibers
10. In allergic contact dermatitis, which cells possess the antigens and present them to T cells?
a. Langerhans cells
b. Merkel cells
c. Keratinocytes
d. Macrophages
11. In latex allergies, which immunoglobulin (Ig) is associated with an immediate reaction?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM
12. A patient in the clinic is diagnosed with dermatitis. The patient states that a previous healthcare professional diagnosed eczema. What response by the healthcare professional is best?
a. “Both are general terms for a specific inflammatory response in the skin.”
b. “Eczema is an older, outdated term. The preferred term is dermatitis.”
c. “No, it’s not eczema. Eczema has yellowish scaly plaques.”
d. “If it were eczema, it would have blisters that go away on their own.”
13. What clinical manifestations do allergic contact and stasis dermatitis have in common?
a. Petechiae and hyperpigmentation
b. Edema and vesicular lesions
c. Scaling and crusting of lesions
d. Erythema and pruritus
14. Lesions on the elbows and knees that are well demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, and erythematous characterize which type of psoriasis?
a. Plaque
b. Inverse
c. Guttate
d. Erythrodermic
15. A healthcare professional assesses a patient who presents with a single lesion on the trunk that is circular, demarcated, and salmon pink. The lesion measures approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter. What treatment option does the professional educate the patient about?
a. Narrow-band ultraviolet light therapy
b. Oral erythromycin regime
c. Keratolytic agent application
d. Consistent photoprotection
16. A patient shows the healthcare professional a collection of infected hair follicles on the back of the neck is red, painful, and draining. What condition does the professional educate the patient on?
a. Erysipelas
b. Furuncles
c. Carbuncles
d. Boils
17. The healthcare professional educates a community group that chickenpox (varicella) may be followed years later by which disorder?
a. Erysipelas
b. Cytomegalovirus
c. Warts
d. Herpes zoster
18. A child has been diagnosed with ringworm and the parent asks how to get rid of this parasite. What response by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
a. “We have several antibiotics that can be used.”
b. “Ringworm is actually a fungal infection of the skin.”
c. “Actually, ringworm is an old name for pemphigus.”
d. “Inexpensive topical antifungals often work well.”
19. Cutaneous vasculitis develops from the deposit of which substance?
a. Immune complexes
b. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
c. Complement proteins
d. T lymphocytes
20. The student learns that which skin lesion is mediated by the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-stimulated release of histamine, bradykinin, or kallikrein from mast cells?
a. Dermatitis
b. Scleroderma
c. Urticaria
d. Cutaneous vasculitis
21. A patient with scleroderma asks the healthcare professional how this condition was acquired. What response is best?
a. X-linked recessive gene
b. X-linked dominant gene
c. Virus
d. Autoantibodies
22. A healthcare professional assesses a patient who has elevated lesions on the face that are waxy and yellowish. What condition does the professional discuss with the patient?
a. Basal keratosis
b. Seborrheic keratosis
c. Keratoacanthoma
d. Actinic keratosis
23. Lesions that usually have depressed centers with rolled borders and are frequently located on the face and neck characterize which malignancy?
a. Squamous cell carcinoma
b. Kaposi sarcoma
c. Malignant melanoma
d. Basal cell carcinoma
24. The student learns that alteration of which gene is associated with basal cell carcinoma?
a. myc
b. TP53
c. src
d. Ras
25. Bowen disease is a form of which type of cancer?
a. Kaposi sarcoma
b. Malignant melanoma
c. Basal cell carcinoma
d. Squamous cell carcinoma
26. A patient has an intradermal nevus. What assessment does the healthcare professional know is consistent with this lesion?
a. Flat, dark, may be up to 2 cm in size
b. Elevated and smooth surface
c. Regular edges with bristle-like hairs
d. Heaped-up, keratinized cells
27. Which cell is thought to be the progenitor cell of Kaposi sarcoma?
a. Endothelial
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Exothelial
28. A patient is brought to the Emergency Department with cold, white, waxy fingers and toes. The patient denies pain. Which intervention does the healthcare professional provide as the priority?
a. Applying local, dry heat
b. Rubbing or massaging the area
c. Immersing in warm water
d. Leaving the area uncovered
29. A patient was hospitalized with frostbite and is receiving ibuprofen. The patient asks the healthcare professional to explain the rationale for the drug. What is the best response?
a. Treating fever
b. Preventing plate aggregation
c. Reducing pain
d. Inhibiting prostaglandins
30. A patient has an onychomycosis. Where would the healthcare professional assess this disorder?
a. Scalp
b. Fingernail
c. Lower legs
d. Mucus membranes
31. A patient has a furuncle. Where would the healthcare professional assess the patient for this condition?
a. Feet
b. Palms
c. Hair follicles
d. Fingernails
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. What effects does normal aging have on the wound healing process? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased cell proliferation
b. Decreased blood supply
c. Depressed immune responses
d. Depressed appetite
e. Decreased cognitive function
2. Which information does the student learn about a nevus? (Select all that apply.)
a. A nevus is an aggregation of melanocytes.
b. Nevi begin to form at the ages of 3 to 5 years.
c. Nevi are characterized by irregular borders.
d. Nevi share a relationship with melanoma.
e. Nevi always warrant being removed.
3. What information does the student learn about Kaposi sarcoma? (Select all that apply.)
a. South America has been the site of the endemic form of Kaposi sarcoma.
b. Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular malignancy.
c. It is associated with drug-induced immunosuppression.
d. Kaposi sarcoma is associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
e. The classic form of Kaposi sarcoma is observed on the lower legs of older men.
4. A patient has psoriasis. Which drug classifications does the healthcare professional advise the patient to avoid if possible? (Select all that apply.)
a. Antibiotics
b. Calcium channel blockers
c. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
d. Beta-blockers
e. Lithium
5. Which inflammatory mediators are active in frostbite? (Select all that apply.)
a. Leukotrienes
b. Histamine
c. Prostaglandins
d. Bradykinin
e. Thromboxanes
6. A woman has developed hirsutism. What conditions should the healthcare professional assess her for? (Select all that apply.)
a. Adrenal hyperplasia
b. Cushing disease
c. Polycystic ovaries
d. Addison disease
e. Adrenal tumor
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