What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in a basketball game?
Question 1What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in a basketball game?
orbitofrontal cortex
insular cortex
dACC
frontal cortex
Question 2Suppose a child screams continuously until his parents buy him a new toy. The new toy would be _____ of the child’s behavior of screaming.
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
Question 3A professor takes a 15-minute break every time she grades three term papers. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
variable interval
fixed-interval
Question 4Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm?
A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food.
After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is put back inside its home cage.
After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is returned to the starting point by the experimenter.
When a cat escapes from a puzzle box, the experimenter puts the cat back in.
Question 5After working for $15 an hour, Miranda’s pay was cut to $10 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $10 an hour all along. This is an example of:
negative contrast.
negative reinforcement.
negative punishment.
positive punishment.
Question 6Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child’s whining would be _____ of the parents’ behavior of giving the cookie.
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
Question 7A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to:
jump over a barrier to escape shock.
receive food when a red light comes on.
run in an exercise wheel to obtain a drink of water.
press a bar for a food reward.
Question 8Drugs that block opioid receptors:
have been shown to be effective for the short-term treatment of addictions.
seem to be effective for treating drug addictions but not behavioral addictions.
seem to be effective for treating behavioral addictions but not drug addictions.
have been shown to be ineffective in treating addictions.
Question 9The process of providing consequences for a behavior that decreases the probability of that behavior is called:
punishment.
reinforcement.
free-operant learning.
discrete-trial learning.
Question 10Chaining involves _____, whereas shaping involves _____.
reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior; training individual components of a complex response
reinforcement; punishment
training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
punishment; reinforcement
Question 11 Jimmy is told by his parents that he can either have one cupcake now or wait until his birthday party that evening and have as many cupcakes as he wants. If Jimmy chooses to wait until his party, he is practicing:
self-control.
response deprivation.
preference response.
altruism.
Question 12Discriminative stimuli are:
outcomes that increase the probability of a behavior.
stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.
outcomes that decrease the probability of a behavior.
successive approximations to a desired response to lead to a particular outcome.
Question 13Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being:
positively punished.
negatively punished.
positively reinforced.
negatively reinforced.
Question 14Which item is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
food
sex
sleep
money
Question 15If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:
reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction.
jingle some keys or shake a dog toy to get the puppy interested enough to come over to him.
pull the puppy with a leash, then reward when the puppy reaches him.
reward once the puppy comes all the way to him.
Question 16Based on the research presented in the text, through the use of PET and fMRI, increased activity can be seen in dopamine target sites such as the striatum in humans. Which was listed as a specific source that can trigger this activity?
sexual partner
water
caffeine
video games
Question 17Interfering with dopamine seems to:
impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.
reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses.
reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
Question 18Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior.
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
Question 19The matching law of choice behavior states that given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:
become confused and stop responding altogether.
give only the response that provides the better rate of reinforcement.
respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.
give both responses at roughly equal rates.
Question 20What neurotransmitter is greatly reduced in individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease?
endorphins
striatum
dopamine
serotonin
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