At what stage of development is the embryo most impacted by teratogens like megadoses of Vitamin A, alcohol and illegal drugs
At what stage of development is the embryo most impacted by teratogens like megadoses of Vitamin A, alcohol and illegal drugs, etc?
What are the functions of the placenta? Functions of the umbilical cord?
What is the effect of nutritional deficiencies during the 1st trimester? Of nutritional toxicities?
What birth weight is considered a marker of a successful pregnancy?
What does a low birth weight increase risks for?
Know the recommended weight gains for women in table 17.1.
How much weight should adolescents gain in pregnancy? Women carrying twins?
Why is it important to gain adequate weight during pregnancy? Why is the pattern of weight gain important?
During the 1st trimester, how many kcalories should a pregnant woman consume? How much do energy needs increase during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?
Why is it important to choose nutrient-dense foods?
How many grams of protein above pre-pregnancy standards should be consumed?
What is the minimum amount of carbohydrate pregnant women should consume?
What are the benefits of consuming whole grains during pregnancy?
What is DHA, and why is it critical for pregnant (and breastfeeding) women? What are some good food sources?
What vitamins are needed in increased quantities during pregnancy? Minerals? (You do not need to know exact amounts recommended, just know the nutrients—Table 17.2 is a good guide).
What is folate’s role in reducing incidence of neural tube defects? How does a deficiency of folate during pregnancy contribute to health problems?
Deficiencies of Vitamins C and A lead to increases in what health risks?
What happens when an excessive intake of Vitamin A in pregnancy is consumed?
Why doesn’t the calcium requirement change during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Why do iron needs increase so much during pregnancy?
What are the risks associated with low iron intake? Is it possible to meet the increased need for iron during pregnancy through diet alone?
What happens when inadequate zinc is consumed?
What’s the best way to meet increased needs for iodine during pregnancy?
What benefits are provided by consuming adequate fluid during pregnancy?
What are some tips to reduce the severity of morning sickness?
Does a craving for food during pregnancy indicate a need for a nutrient?
What is pica? Why would it be a concern?
What are some tips for avoiding heartburn? Constipation?
What is gestational diabetes? If not treated, what are the health risks to the fetus? Who is most at risk of developing gestational diabetes? What are risks for women with this disorder after they deliver?
Nutri-Case: Tilly (p. 697): Is Tilly destined to develop type 2 diabetes? What can she do to reduce her risk?
What is preeclampsia? Eclampsia? Who is most at risk of developing hypertensive disorders?
What is listeriosis, and what are foods pregnant women should avoid?
How does maternal age affect pregnancies?
What are nutrients of concern for vegan women in pregnancy?
What are benefits of exercise during pregnancy for mothers?
What is the risk of consuming more than 1 cup of coffee per day?
What is FAS (Highlight from Chapter 4.5, p. 163)? What level of drinking causes FAS? What are the effects of frequent or binge drinking during pregnancy, and during various trimesters? What are symptoms? Facial features? (Figure 9)
What amount of alcohol consumption is known to be safe during pregnancy?
How does maternal smoking impact fetal development?
What are some of the effects of illegal drug use and herbal supplements on the fetus?
Breastfeeding
What is colostrum? What are its benefits to the newborn?
What determines how much breast milk is produced?
How many kcals above pre-pregnancy need should be consumed by women who are breast-feeding?
What nutrients should be consumed in greater quantities by breastfeeding women?
Do breast-feeding women need supplements?
Why is it important for breastfeeding women to consume adequate fluids?
What are some benefits of breast milk in terms of its nutritional quality?
What are other health benefits of breastfeeding, for infant and mother?
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