Correctly recognize, represent, and interpret the formulas (structural, line, condensed) and functions of each of the main classes of biomolecules; lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids/proteins
Correctly recognize, represent, and interpret the formulas (structural, line, condensed) and functions of each of the main classes of biomolecules; lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids/proteins
Look up the structural formula for D-fructose and draw it below in the notation of your choosing (if you find both ring and straight chain forms when you search, please draw the straight chain form of the sugar).
To what class of biomolecules does D-fructose belong?
What functional groups can you identify in D-fructose?
Would D-fructose be soluble in water? Explain your answer.
Look up the structural formula for hydroxyproline and draw it below in the notation of your choosing.
To what class of biomolecules does hydroxyproline acid belong?
What functional groups can you identify hydroxyproline?
Would hydroxyproline be soluble in water?
Look up the structural formula for α-linolenic acid and draw it below in the notation of your choosing.
To what class of biomolecules does α-linolenic acid belong?
What functional groups can you identify α-linolenic acid?
Would α-linolenic acid be soluble in water? Explain your answer.
Criterion 2: Correctly recognize and apply the chemical reactions involved in the synthesis and degradation of each of the main classes of biomolecules; lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids/proteins
Draw the tetrapeptide below out in full chemical structure by attaching the four amino acids from your amino acid reference sheet in order (this is an application of the characteristic organic reaction Amide formation from a Carboxylic Acid and Amine). You can use any chemical notation or combination of notations to draw your structure, but all bonds and atoms must be shown.
Thr, Lys, Val, Cys
Adjust your tetrapeptide to show how it will appear at physiological pH 7.4. You can modify the structure you drew in (4) or you can redraw the structure.
Apply the characteristic reaction, Hydrolysis of an Ester to show all products of complete hydrolysis (reaction with excess water) of the following triglyceride (triacylglycerol).
H O
H C O C
H C O C
O
H C O C
H O
Which of the fatty acid products in (6) will have the lowest melting point? Explain your answer.
Apply the characteristic reaction, Hydrolysis of an Acetal, to show the products of complete hydrolysis (reaction with excess water) of the following disaccharide.
OH
H O H
H
OH H
HO
O
H OH
H2O
H
O OH
H
OH
H
HO
H
H2C
H OH
Criterion 3: Distinguishes levels of protein structure and the forces that contribute to protein folding and denaturation.
Describe in your own words the four levels of protein structure. Draw or find an example of each and include it with your answer.
Assume the four amino acid side chains shown below are a part of a large protein that is folding up to form a globular structure. Using your amino acid reference sheet, add four additional amino acid side chains to areas 1-4 of the protein structure drawn below. Diagram and label the appropriate interactions between the four pairs of amino acid side chains that would hold this protein together in a folded structure. Be sure to adjust side chains to show how they would exist at pH 7.4 before diagramming interactions.
You can either print out this page and the next and write on top of the original diagrams, or you can redraw the structures on your answer sheet.
CH OH
CH3
1
CH CH CH CH NH+
2 2 2 2 3
2
CH3
3
CH2 SH
4
What level of protein structure is illustrated in (10)?
Suggest one condition or agent that would denature this protein and cause it to unfold. Explain what levels of protein structure would be affected by your denaturing condition or agent and what levels of protein structure would not be affected.
Criterion 4: Correctly relate character and structure of the components of enzymes to the functioning of enzymes on substrates; relate the mechanisms of enzyme regulation and control to specific instances and examples from metabolism and therapy
An enzyme is shown below, along with its substrate. Label the enzyme, the enzyme active site, and the substrate.
Now add three amino acid side chains from your amino acid reference sheet that might exist in the enzyme active site. Choose side chains that will interact with the substrate shown and draw and label the interactions that you would expect to see between the side chains you draw and the substrate shown. For the interactions with each side chain, show one or two of the strongest possible interactions with the substrate.
O
OH
OH
HO
HO
O
.
The following two molecules are known to be inhibitors of this enzyme. Which one is an allosteric inhibitor and which is a competitive inhibitor. How do you know? Be sure to explain the similarities and differences in competitive vs. allosteric inhibition in your answer.
Inhibitor A
Inhibitor B
OH
HO OH
O
OH OH
Criterion 5: Correctly relate the structure of phospholipids, proteins, and other cell membrane constituents to cell membrane structure and function
In the previous questions, we have been exploring a generic folded protein and an enzyme. These are both examples of water-soluble, globular proteins. They tend to have polar/hydrophilic amino acid side chains on the outside, facing the polar external environment, and nonpolar/hydrophobic amino acid side chains buried on the interior of the protein.
In the figure below, an integral membrane protein is shown. These proteins sit inside of cell membranes. Some integral proteins are membrane channels or transporters, while others serve as enzymes, receptors, or anchors. Describe the differences you would expect to see in the amino acid side chains on the outer surface of an integral cell membrane protein, as compared to a water-soluble globular protein. Be sure to discuss the chemical nature of the cell membrane in your answer.
Integral Membrane
Protein
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