November 4, 2022

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an)

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acute disease

multiorgan disorder

syndrome

manifestation

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Question 2

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A medical history should include all

1. legally prescribed drugs.

2. vitamin or mineral supplements.

3. any medication not requiring a prescription (over-the-counter items).

4. herbal treatments.

Select one:

1 only

1, 3

1, 2, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

Question 3

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A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as

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hypertrophy

metaplasia

anaplasia

atrophy

Question 4

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Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by

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blocking normal nerve conduction

increasing the permeability of nerve membranes

blocking movement of calcium ions

decreasing phosphate ion levels

Question 5

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An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to

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increased PCO2

decreased PCO2

respiratory acidosis

metabolic acidosis

Question 6

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Cassandra is a 43 y.o. female who presents complaining of swelling in her feet and that her feet and legs hurt. Cassandra states that she has had “some” swelling for a year or so but this has really gotten worse in the past 2 weeks. Which of the following statements are most true?

a. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure occurs when a patient is hypertensive and prevents the return of fluid from the interstitial compartment to the venous end of the capillary

b. Edema can occur due to loss of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, which results in decreased osmotic pressure.

c. Obstruction of lymphatic circulation can cause edema

d. Increased capillary permeability usually results from an inflammatory or infection response and can cause localized edema

Select one:

a, b, c

a, c, d

a, b

a, b, c, d

Question 7

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Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone

Select one:

Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones

Increased activation of vitamin D

Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

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Question 8

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Chose the best definition of Proto-oncogenes (select one):

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lead to abnormal tumor suppressor genes

result from several mutational events

are the same as oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

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Question 9

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Eleanor is a 77 y.o. female who lives alone. She was admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 102F, BP 136/80, Pulse 99, RR 20, Sat 91%. Eleanor has a hx of COPD, CAD, and IDDM. Answer the following questions:

Eleanor lives alone and is 5’3” tall and weighs 225#’s. The picture below was taken of her feet after she was admitted. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Eleanor’s situation?

Select one:

This picture demonstrates an example of fat necrosis that can occur in individuals who have CAD

This picture demonstrates the prodromal period of an individual with IDDM

This picture demonstrates someone who could benefit from primary prevention information relating to Diabetes Mellitus

This picture demonstrates an example of dry gangrene that refers to necrotic tissues and is often infected

Question 10

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Exposure to cocaine during pregnancy leads to increased risk of

Select one:

premature birth

respiratory problems

sudden infant death syndrome

A, B, and C

Question 11

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Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because

Select one:

glucocorticoids greatly potentiate the effect of chemotherapy

the immune system is stimulated

skeletal muscle atrophy will be decreased

inflammation around the tumor may be reduced

Question 12

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High risk factors for cancer include

1. human papilloma virus.

2. chronic irritation and inflammation.

3. repeated sun exposure.

4. high family incidence

Select one:

1, 3

3, 4

1, 2, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

Question 13

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Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because

Select one:

permeability of nerve membranes increases

insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction

low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction

excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle

Question 14

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If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called

Select one:

the placebo effect

evidence-based research

blind research studies

approval for immediate distribution

Question 15

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In the case of an X-linked recessive disorder, a carrier mother and unaffected father could produce a/an

Select one:

Normal female

Affected female

Male carrier

A child with an abnormal “Y” gene

Question 16

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In traditional Asian medicine, acupoints are usually located

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over pain or other sensory receptors

where blood vessels branch

over joints

on designated meridians

Question 17

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Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of “milk-alkali syndrome,” which can cause which of the following?

Select one:

Hyponatremia

Hyperkalemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypovolemia

Question 18

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Kevin presents to the ED after a night on the town. He admits to drinking a 5th of Vodka and then several big gulps of antifreeze after his girlfriend broke up with him. Lucky for Kevin, Alcohol is not synergistic with Antifreeze like it is with Opioids – this is frequently why people who attempt suicide via antifreeze are not successful because they are often intoxicated prior to the attempt. Thinking about Keven, answer the following question.

Antagonistic drugs may be used to

Select one:

increase the effectiveness of selected drugs

prolong the action of a drug

act as an antidote when necessary

speed up the excretion of a drug

Question 19

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Many patients chose palliative treatment. What are the primary benefits of this choice?

Select one:

Assistance with the cost of her medications

Meals will be brought to her home

Reduction in pain and pressure effects when tumor size is decreased, or growth is slowed

She will not have to travel for any radiation or chemotherapy treatments

Question 20

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One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is

Select one:

proportionally smaller body surface area

higher metabolic rate

smaller respiratory capacity

greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes

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Question 21

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Place the following statements regarding Rh incompatibility in the correct sequence. Not all choices are included in each answer.

1. Hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes and anemia occur.

2. Maternal Rh-negative cells enter fetal blood.

3. Fetal Rh-positive cells enter maternal blood.

4. Elevated serum bilirubin levels develop in the fetus.

5. Antibodies to Rh-positive cells form in maternal blood.

6. Maternal Rh antibodies enter the fetal circulation.

Select one:

1, 2, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

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Question 22

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Prolonged diarrhea results in

Select one:

loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis

increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis

loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis

surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis

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Question 23

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Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of

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an iatrogenic cause of cancer

a preventive measure

a precipitating factor

a predisposing condition

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Question 24

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Serum potassium levels are affected by

1. ADH

2. aldosterone

3. serum H+ levels

4. insulin levels

Select one:

2 only

1, 2

1, 3

2, 3, 4

1, 2, 3

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Question 25

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The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include

1. obstruction of a tube or duct.

2. anemia and weight loss.

3. cell necrosis and ulceration.

4. tumor markers in the circulation

Select one:

1, 2,

1, 3

2, 4

3, 4

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Question 26

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The most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is (select one):

Select one:

p53

DCC

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Question 27

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The slide below depicts a young boy with genetic disorders. Answer the following question

Select one:

Klinefleter syndrome is a polysomy X disorder resulting in a XXY chromosome

In a child with a XXY disorder, testes are small, but sperm is always present

A hearing disorder secondary to a teratogenic exposure is common

This specific disorder occurs invitro, but oddly enough, not until the 2nd trimester

Question 28

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The term cancer refers to

Select one:

dysplasia

hyperplasia

metaplasia

malignant neoplasm

Question 29

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The term pathogenesis refers to

Select one:

the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease process

the determination of the cause(s) involved in the development of a malignant neoplasm

the specific signs and symptoms involved in the change from an acute disease to a chronic disease

the changes in cells of affected tissue that result in necrosis

Question 30

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The warning signs for cancer include

Select one:

unusual bleeding

change in a wart or mole (e.g., color)

a new solid lump, often painless

all the above

Question 31

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TORCH is an acronym for routine prenatal screening tests for high-risk maternal infections; TORCH stands for

Select one:

toxoplasmosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes

tuberculosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and HIV

toxoplasmosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and HIV

tuberculosis, other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), rabies, cytomegalovirus, and herpes

Question 32

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Ultrasonography during pregnancy would be helpful in detecting fetal

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enzyme deficits

structural anomalies

chromosomal defects

hormonal abnormalities

Question 33

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What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?

Select one:

Adenoma

Lipoma

Fibrosarcoma

Adenocarcinoma

Question 34

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What is the probability of two parents, both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing a homozygous child (with each pregnancy)?

Select one:

25%

50%

75%

Question 35

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What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?

Select one:

Respiratory system

Buffer systems in the blood

Kidneys

Brain

Question 36

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What type of necrosis is usually produced by necrotic death of brain tissue?

Select one:

caseous

liquefactive

fat

coagulative

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Question 37

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Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

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Slow, shallow respirations

Prolonged diarrhea

Mild vomiting

Excessive fluid in the body

Question 38

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Which of the following are considered to be the toxic effects of a drug?

Select one:

Additional, mild, unwanted effects

Unusual, unexpected mild effects

Serious, possibly life-threatening effects

Reduction of the allergic response

Question 39

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Which of the following causes tetany?

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Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium

Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms

Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex

Question 40

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Which of the following indicates development of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

Select one:

Proteinuria, edema, and weight gain

Persistent blood pressure measuring above 140/90

Vaginal bleeding

Blood clots forming in the legs

Question 41

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Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

Select one:

Loss of the thirst mechanism

Excessive sweating

Excessive aldosterone secretion

Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations

Question 42

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Which of the following is a serious potential complication of abruptio placentae indicated by low serum levels of clotting factors?

Select one:

Severe hypertension

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Jaundice

Thromboembolism

Question 43

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Which of the following is usually included in a medical history?

1. Past illnesses or surgeries

2. Current illnesses, acute and chronic

3. Prescribed medication or other treatments

4. Nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies

5. Current allergies

Select one:

1, 3

2, 4, 5

1, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 44

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Which of the following statements applies to eclampsia?

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Elevated blood pressure returns to normal after delivery

Kidney and liver function remain normal

It commonly develops with ectopic pregnancies

Blood pressure is very high and seizures may occur

Question 45

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Which of the following statements applies to the sex chromosomes?

Select one:

They are identified as XY in the female

They are numbered pair 23 in the karyotype

They contain the same genes as in the other pairs of chromosomes

They are found only in the cells in the gonads (the ovaries and the testes)

Question 46

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Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is true?

Select one:

The typical physical characteristics are present at birth

All children with Down syndrome have the same organ defects and medical problems

The extent of cognitive impairment can be assessed at birth

The birth of a child with Down syndrome is only a risk to mothers over age 35

Question 47

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Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

Select one:

An inherited disorder

A combination of specific etiological factors

An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug

Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment

Question 48

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Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established?

Select one:

Symptoms

Occurrence

Manifestations

Complication

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Question 49

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Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Select one:

K+, Na+

Cl− and HCO3−

Ca++, Na+

Na+, Cl−

Question 50

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Pectus excavatum is obvious in the following image

Select one:

True

False

Question 51

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The slide below depicts a young boy with a genetic disorder. View the slide and answer the following true / false questions.

The child in the slide depicts a single gene disorder.

Select one:

True

False

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A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an)

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