The 13th century historian and author of the Al-Muqaddimah was

Question 1The 13th century historian and author of the Al-Muqaddimah was _______________. He held many important political jobs, but is best known today as a founding figure in modern economics and sociology, and for his theory of a “Cyclical Theory of History.”

Question 2The city most closely associated with the beginning of Islam is ___________. It is the holiest place in Islam, the place where Islam began. 

Question 3The ideal man of traditional Arabic tribal culture is the __________________. He shows courage, patience, generosity, and hospitality, but is also determined and firm, particularly to avenge wrongs done to his tribe.

Question 4The holiest book in Islam is the _____________________, which records the words spoken to the Prophet (P.B.U.H). by the angelic messenger.

Question 5The most sacred site in Islam is the ____________________, a cube-shaped building that the Prophet (P.B.U.H) cleansed of idols and dedicated to Allah. The structure stands in the center of the Masjid al-Haram, the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the world.

Question 6The “Five Pillars” of Islam include the declaration of faith, charity, fasting for the sacred month, prayer five times a day and the ____________________, meaning a journey to Mecca at least once in one’s lifetime.

Question 7The _______________ is an Islamic term meaning the community of believers.

Question 8Increasing conflicts over the succession of leadership led to divisions in the Muslim community. The _________________ believed that the caliphate should be chosen by consensus.

Question 9The third major caliphate, the Abbasids, moved the capital to a new city, ___________________, which quickly became a center of commerce and learning, and the largest city in the world.

Question 10The most famous of the Abbasid caliphs was ______________________, noted for his patronage of the arts and of science, and for increasing the prosperity of his empire by supporting trade with China and India, and encouraging technological advancements, particularly in agriculture.

Question 11Founded by the caliph named in #10, the ______________________ became a center of learning and a focal point for scholarship and intellectual discussion during the Islamic Golden Age.

Question 12One of the first books on optics was written by ____________________, born in 965, in Basra. Today, he is considered by some to be the first modern scientist, due to his insistence on experimentation.

Question 13The most influential medieval book on medicine was written by ______________________. He wrote The Canon of Medicine, a summary of all known information about medicine to that time, around 1060.

Question 14Living in the 12th century, the scholar _______________________ is now credited with having integrated the study of Aristotle into theology and philosophy. He had a huge influence on the later Western theologian, Thomas Aquinas.

Question 15____________________ is the largest and most famous mosque in Egypt. Originally founded as a Shi’a mosque, it later developed into one of the world’s oldest universities, and is now known as a center of Sunni studies and Islamic law.

Question 16A series of wars called the ____________________ started in 1096 as an attempt by northern European Christians, called “Franks”, to take control of the “Holy Land”, most specifically, Jerusalem.

Question 17During the second of these wars, a Muslim military leader named _______________________ rose to become famous as the most effective military and admired opponent faced by Western Christian forces.

Question 18Human or animal figures seldom appear in Islamic art. Instead, artists used forms like __________________, beautiful writing, which was used to decorate almost everything, from mosques and palaces to household objects like dishes, textiles, metalwork, and rugs.

Question 19A ___________________ is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca toward which Muslims pray.

Question 20The oldest structure built to accommodate Muslim worship is the _____________________ in Jerusalem, built in 691 by the Umayyad Caliph, Abd al-Malik.

Question 21A type of Arabic literature that became influential in the West is a collection of entertaining stories. One particularly famous example is the _______________________. In this book, a sultaness named Shahrazade tells entertaining tales to her husband, to prevent her execution. The stories include the tales of Ali Baba, Sinbad the Sailor, and Alladin and the Lamp.

Question 22One aspect of Persian culture that was accepted in Islam, in spite of its use of human and animal figures, is the Persian ______________________, a type of small, exquisitely detailed painting used to illustrate books.

Question 23Near the city of Granada in southern Spain is the _______________________, one of the most beautiful of all Muslim palaces. It was originally built as a fortress in 889, but was reconstructed by later rulers, who made it a showplace of fountains and gardens.

Question 24The Sufi sect, which “renounces casual worldliness and seeks to unite the physical and spiritual through intensified physical experience”, produced poets such as __________________, whose poetry is now considered among the most beautiful spiritual writings in the world.

Question 25A musical instrument called the _______________________ was the “sultan of instruments”, and became the ancestor of the European lute.

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