Political Economies: China, Kerala, Chile
Political Economies: China, Kerala, Chile
Political Economies: China, Kerala, Chile
Key Ideas
China’s authoritarian government has been impressive in its ability to lift millions out of poverty and quickly implement policies and programs but it does not always choose the right ones to implement.
Kerala has been able to achieve impressive health outcomes and a high quality of living with a long history of public governance aimed at social equality.
Chile has combined support-led social policies with market-oriented economic policies and is attempting to achieve improved health outcomes incrementally.
ORDER COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION PAPERS ON Assignment
National Development Priorities and ideas that drive nations and governments change over time
United States:
Progressive era during Great Depression
Conservative shift during World War II
Progressive during 1960s and 1970s
Conservative beginning with Reagan Administration
China
Great Leap Forward, 1958-1961
Plan to industrialize and collectivize Chinese production of foods and goods
“Struggle sessions” to humiliate the exploiting class, typically higher educated citizens
>25,000 farm communes of about 5,000 families each established between April and December, 1958
Backyard furnaces in every commune were told to produce steel using whatever metal citizens had
Great Chinese Famine
Result of Great Leap Forward
Estimated 40 million deaths
China
Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969
Red Guard troops moved violently against people believed to be counter-revolutionaries
Estimated 11 million deaths
Shift from communist to capitalist model in 1979
Decentralization of government to provinces into tiao-kuai (branch-lump) system
Increased rights for rural residents
Continued human rights concerns and censorship, environmental and consumer safety issue
Kerala
India gained independence from Great Britain in 1947
World’s largest democracy
Kerala: long history of civic engagement and social mobilization
Anticolonial legacy with prosperity among lower caste and agrarian working class
Post-independence movement was more pragmatic and flexible than other regions
No violence or civil war
Kerala
Decentralized governance
People’s Campaign for Decentralized Planning in 1997 aimed to bring power to local areas and incentivize community participation in grama sabhas (municipal assembly meetings)
In a low-income region but has achieved good health outcomes
Growing social and economic inequalities and ongoing problems with trade liberalization
Many households in Kerala have at least one member who has migrated elsewhere for work
Implemented a version of the “third way”
Independence from Spain in 1810
Copper became a major export
1929 crash impacted copper exports and GDP decreased by 50%
Government-led efforts at import substitution
Agrarian reform and redistribution efforts in 1960s with equity for rural residents
Chile
Limited means for conflict resolution among citizens
1973 coup resulted in violent authoritarian regime, but some social programs were implemented
Transition to democracy in 1990
“Growth with equity” was a goal
Plan AUGE is universal health care program developed based on disease prevalence, cost-effective prevention or treatment, and citizen input
Multiple shifts from left to right over time
Current political economy remains somewhat precarious
Summary
All social policies impact population health
Education, environmental protection, food safety, taxation, trade
Lifting citizens out of poverty through economic reform can result in epidemiologic transition
Can be paradoxical effects, however, depending on implementation strategies
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