Is a rare complication of muscle injury where fibroblasts abnormally developed into osteoblasts.
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
is a rare complication of muscle injury where fibroblasts abnormally developed into osteoblasts.
Myositis ossification.
Paratenonitis.
Tendinosis.
Rhabdomyolosis.
Question 2Which of the following is correct about fungal infections in children?
Tinea pedis is the most common fungal infection in children.
Fungal infections in children are self-limiting and not contagious.
Tinea capitis affects the non-hairy parts of the child’s body.
Cats and dogs are common hosts and sources of tinea corporis.
Question 3Which of the following is incorrect about psoriasis?
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disorder.
Psoriasis is more common in Asians than Caucasians.
Psoriasis pathogenesis involves T-cell immune response.
Psoriasis affects both the dermis and epidermis.
Question 4 is the most serious electrolyte imbalance that occurs in rhabdomyolosis and requires immediate management.
Hyperkalemia.
Hypokalemia.
Hypocalcemia.
Hyperphosphatemia.
Question 5Which of the following represents the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Genetic defect leading to increased levels of dystrophin.
Genetic defect leading to no change in levels of dystrophin.
Genetic defect leading to complete lack of dystrophin.
Genetic defect leading to mutated dystrophin.
Question 6Which of the following is correct about the pathophysiology of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?
The hands are the most common affected by SCC.
Immunosuppressant agents increase SCC incidence.
SCC is an in-situ tumor with no ability to metastasize.
SCC commonly rise from melanocytes of the skin.
Question 7Which of the following are cardinal morphological feature of psoriasis vulgaris plaque? Select all that apply.
Well-defined margins.
Gray and scaly.
Dry and flaky.
Erythematous.
Irregular edges
Question 8 The pathogenesis of rheumatic arthritis involves chronic autoimmune reaction to an antigen in which cytokines stimulates fibroblasts to which result in converting synovial fluid into a thick, abnormal granulation tissues known as .
Select the option with the appropriate terms to fill in the spaces.
increase in number; pannus.
increase in number; trophi.
decrease in number; pannus.
decrease in number; trophi.
Question 9A young female patient presents to her dermatologist reporting a new itchy skin rash. On her thighs and abdomen are clusters of small painless pustules overlying an erythematous base. Based on the description, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Folliculitis.
Cellulitis.
Impetigo.
Warts.
Question 10Which of the following is incorrect about osteosarcoma?
It is the most common malignant primary bone tumor.
It is the least aggressive form of bone tumors.
It affects young adults more than older adults.
It mainly affects long bones.
Question 11How does estrogen help preventing osteoporosis?
Estrogen increases osteoprotegerin (OPG) production, which inhibits osteoclasts activity.
Estrogen increases osteoprotegerin (OPG) production, which inhibits osteoblasts activity.
Estrogen decreases osteoprotegerin (OPG) production, which inhibits osteoclasts activity.
Estrogen decreases osteoprotegerin (OPG) production, which inhibits osteoblasts activity.
Question 12A 3-year-old boy is brought to a clinic by his mother due to a new itchy rash on the boy’s face. There is weeping from the rash with honey-colored crust overlying multiple vesicles. The boy stays at a daycare during the day when the mother is at work. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Impetigo.
Tinea capitis.
Varicella.
Scabies.
Question 13All of the following can aggravate osteoporosis by reducing osteoprotegerin (OPG) production and increasing cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL) except:
Leptin.
Prostaglandin E2.
Glucocorticoids.
Parathyroid hormone.
Question 14What is the role of the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor ?ß ligand (RANKL) in osteoporosis?
RANKL increases the activity and survival of osteoclasts.
RANKL increases the activity and survival of osteoblasts.
RANKL decreases the activity and survival of osteoclasts.
RANKL decreases the activity and survival of osteoblasts.
Question 15 occurs when the ends of a fractured bone fail to grow together and form fibrous tissue in between.
Nonunion.
Delayed union.
Malunion.
Subluxation.
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