Epidemiology 1. How can leveraging health information technology (HIT) help meet meaningful use (MU) requirements? ? Part 2: Epi

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Lung cancer is a form of cancer that starts from the lungs, and it frequently attacks individuals who are fond of smoking. There are two forms of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancer. Apart from direct smoking, exposure to toxins, passive smoking, and family history are the risk factors for lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer include weight loss, chest pains, wheezing, and cough that often comes with blood. The signs and symptoms are likely to appear when the condition is advanced. The health impact of lung cancer is that it causes shortness of breath. Such is because it blocks the major airwaves as it advances. Lung cancer also causes fluid to accumulate in the lungs, making it harder for the affected person to breathe since it prevents the lungs from expanding and contracting (CDC, 2021).

Lung Cancer in Smokers

Global relevance

Globally, lung cancer is ranked as the second most common form of cancer. In 2020, it was estimated that there were new 2.2 million lung cancer cases. The 2.2 million new lung cancer accounted for 11.4% of the total cancer cases globally. In the same year, it is estimated that 1.8 million deaths globally resulted from lung cancer. The global statistics indicate that most lung cancer cases are prevalent in industrialized countries. The release of toxins into the atmosphere has been blamed for the continued rise of lung cancer cases around the globe. Although lung cancer cases are increasing globally, there is a decreasing trend in countries such as Australia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The decrease in lung cancer cases in the mentioned nations has been attributed to decreased smoking. Globally, lung cancer cases among women are increasing. Such is because many women are taking up the vice of smoking that was previously dominant among the males. Chinese women are at a higher risk of lung cancer than European women (Winston, 2021).

National relevance

In the United States of America, lung cancer is the most common form of cancer among men and women. Older Americans are at a higher risk of lung cancer than young Americans. Most Americans diagnosed with lung cancer are over sixty-five years, while very few are forty-five years and below. Seventy years old is the average age of Americans diagnosed with lung cancer. In America, lung cancer is the leading cause of death for both males and females compared to other forms of cancer (American Cancer Society, 2021).

According to the American Cancer Society, it is estimated that there were two hundred three and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and forty new cases of lung cancer in 2021. In the same year, there were one hundred and thirty-five thousand, three hundred and sixty deaths that resulted from lung cancer. The number of new cases and cancer deaths in the United States of America has decreased since many Americans are quitting smoking. Many Americans with lung cancer signs and symptoms sign up for early treatment, which has reduced the number of deaths due to lung cancer (American Cancer Society, 2021).

Local relevance

Locally, lung cancer has been a long-term problem due to heavy cigarette smoking. As a result, lung cancer deaths are notable locally among the old members of society. Health education has been an excellent strategy for dealing with smoking in the local community (Hoeijmakers et al., 2021).

Idea justification and development of promotion strategies

The selection of lung cancer is an excellent idea because it affects the globe. The release of toxins to the environment is a significant cause of lung cancer, and strategies need to be developed to prevent such exposure of people to toxins. At the global level, laws should be passed to ensure that industries purify gases before releasing them into the atmosphere. Such will ensure that people are protected against toxins that cause lung cancer. Congress should pass laws that regulate cigarettes' accessibility at the national level, which is a significant cause of lung cancer. At the local level, health education against lung cancer should be advanced to ensure people are aware of the effects of smoking (Hoeijmakers et al., 2021).

References

American Cancer Society. (2021). Lung cancer statistics | How common is lung cancer? American Cancer Society | Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin.  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

CDC. (2021, November 17). Lung cancer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/

Hoeijmakers, F., Hartemink, K. J., Verhagen, A. F., Steup, W. H., Marra, E., Röell, W. F., Heineman, D. J., Schreurs, W. H., Tollenaar, R. A., & Wouters, M. W. (2021). Variation in incidence, prevention and treatment of persistent air leak after lung cancer surgery. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 61(1), 110-117.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab376

Winston, T. W. (2021, July 17). What is the global prevalence of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)? Latest Medical News, Clinical Trials, Guidelines – Today on Medscape.  https://www.medscape.com/answers/279960-84979/what-is-the-global-prevalence-of-nonsmall-cell-lung-cancer-nsclc

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Diabetes is a long-term disorder that causes an abnormally high amount of blood sugar, or glucose, in the bloodstream (Forouhi & Wareham, 2019). The body's ability to metabolize sugar in the blood is hampered by this disorder. As a result of a high blood sugar level, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and a constriction of the blood vessels might occur (atherosclerosis). Distressed state (neuropathy). Sugar overload may produce tingling, numbness, burning, or discomfort in the toes or fingers, which progresses higher as the sugar levels rise. It is estimated that 26 million people in the United States have diabetes, yet only 19 million of them have been diagnosed, meaning millions more are not receiving treatment (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). If current trends continue, one in three American adults might get diabetes by the year 2050. (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). according to Forouhi & Wareham (2019), “In 2012, diabetes cost the global economy $245 billion in direct medical expenditures and lost productivity, comprising $176 billion in direct medical expenses and $69 billion in lost productivity due to verified cases” (p 25).

Diabetes in elderly men

Global Relevance

In the next decades, it is projected that the death toll from diabetes would continue to grow considerably. Using published and unpublished literature, mortality records, and admittance records, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) uses an approach that is all its own in order to provide estimates for all locations (Lin et al., 2020). Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of death for over 8 million individuals each year (Lin et al., 2020). One of the greatest problems confronting the developing world these days is the rising incidence of obesity and overweight, which has joined underweight, malnutrition, and infectious illnesses as important contributors to the rise in diabetes cases (Lin et al., 2020). For example, the rise in diabetes may be linked to globalization and urbanization and may be maintained by socioeconomic determinants of health such as low income and inadequate knowledge and illiteracy in addition to poor access to healthcare.

National Relevance

Low- and middle-income countries have a higher prevalence of diabetes among the elderly than developed nations. Blood sugar disease is a serious health issue, but it also has a negative impact on the economy, stifling development and keeping the poorest people in poverty. Over half of all inpatient admissions and over 40% of all hospital fatalities are caused by noncommunicable illnesses like diabetes, which consumes the majority of a country's health care spending (Lin et al., 2020). In order to guide the creation of policy initiatives and programs for diabetic patient prevention, new research is needed to corroborate prior behavioral results on diabetic patients and how they connect to increased suffering, spread of diabetes and risk factors.

Local Relevance

In rural areas, diabetes is a greater issue due to the prevalence of risk factors and the availability of a wider range of services than in urban areas (Lin et al., 2020). There is a need for local action and support for promoting positive behavioral change. To prevent diabetes, health care practitioners must analyze risks, screen effectively, and educate the general population (Lin et al., 2020). In the movement towards diabetes prevention, boards of health must take the lead. A healthy lifestyle must also be promoted by the government through food policies.

Promotion Health Relevance

Local, national, and global health systems should use both general population and high-risk methods when developing measures to minimize diabetes and its consequences. In order to get the greatest outcomes, these strategies must address the wide determinants of health, including employment and working conditions, physical environment, education, and socio-economic status (Lin et al., 2020). We can greatly enhance the health of individuals with diabetes and lessen its burden by making simple modifications in their daily routines.

References

Forouhi, N. G., & Wareham, N. J. (2019). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine, 47(1), 22-27.

Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Diabetes | Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/diabetes

Lin, X., Xu, Y., Pan, X., Xu, J., Ding, Y., Sun, X., … & Shan, P. F. (2020). Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11.

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